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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
CBT vs active control (post‐treatment) Pain intensity (Higher scores indicate increased pain intensity) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs active control (post‐treatment) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT vs active control (post‐treatment) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT vs active control (post‐treatment) Functional disability (Higher scores indicate greater disability) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 189 participants | Low |
CBT vs active control (post‐treatment) Quality of life (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs active control (post‐treatment) Adverse events (Number of people experiencing adverse events)Interventions lasted 8 weeks · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 135 participants | Very low |
CBT vs active control (at follow‐up) Pain intensity (Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
CBT vs TAU (post‐treatment) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.15 [1.62, 2.85] | 5 studies · 1347 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs active control (at follow‐up) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT vs active control (at follow‐up) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT vs active control (at follow‐up) Functional disability (Higher scores indicate greater levels of disability) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
CBT vs active control (at follow‐up) Quality of life (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
CBT vs active control (at follow‐up) Adverse events · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
CBT vs TAU (post‐treatment) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.31 [1.14, 4.66] | 4 studies · 1229 participants | Low |
CBT vs TAU (post‐treatment) Functional disability (Higher scores indicate higher levels of disability) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 2672 participants | Low |
CBT vs TAU (post‐treatment) Quality of life (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1423 participants | Very low |
CBT vs TAU (post‐treatment) Adverse events (number of people with adverse events) (Lower events indicate fewer adverse events) Interventions lasted 10 weeks · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 6 [2.2, 16.4] | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
CBT vs TAU (at follow‐up) Pain intensity (Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 959 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs TAU (at follow‐up) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30 % improvement) Interventions lasted 13 weeks · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [0.82, 3.53] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
CBT vs TAU (at follow‐up) Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50 % improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults Psychological therapies delivered remotely for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Total studies: 42 Total participants: 14,626 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 42 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Desvenlafaxine high dose RCTs: 2 Participants: 870 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Total studies: 50 Total participants: 14,926 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Duloxetine high dose RCTs: 14 Participants: 3683 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine standard dose RCTs: 18 Participants: 4959 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Milnacipran high dose RCTs: 2 Participants: 1670 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Milnacipran standard dose RCTs: 4 Participants: 1866 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duloxetine low dose RCTs: 6 Participants: 1104 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard dose (60 mg), and high dose (> 60 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Total studies: 38 Total participants: 12,985 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine (all doses combined), milnacipran (all doses combined), mirtazapine… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 38 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Mirtazapine RCTs: 1 Participants: 406 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine (all doses combined), milnacipran (all doses combined), mirtazapine… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine RCTs: 26 Participants: 7952 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine (all doses combined), milnacipran (all doses combined), mirtazapine… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 26 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duloxetine standard dose RCTs: 16 Participants: 4490 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Milnacipran RCTs: 5 Participants: 3109 · people with chronic pain Interventions: duloxetine (all doses combined), milnacipran (all doses combined), mirtazapine… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Total studies: 93 Total participants: 22,558 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 93 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Desvenlafaxine high dose RCTs: 2 Participants: 905 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mirtazapine standard dose RCTs: 2 Participants: 457 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine standard dose RCTs: 20 Participants: 4998 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Milnacipran standard dose RCTs: 8 Participants: 2491 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine high dose RCTs: 10 Participants: 4000 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine low dose RCTs: 6 Participants: 1031 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Milnacipran high dose RCTs: 7 Participants: 2837 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Amitriptyline standard dose RCTs: 10 Participants: 997 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine high dose RCTs: 14 Participants: 3692 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Esreboxetine standard dose RCTs: 1 Participants: 783 · people with chronic pain Interventions: amitriptyline standard dose (25‐75 mg); desvenlafaxine high dose (> 50 mg);… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Milnacipran high dose RCTs: 1 Participants: 384 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Esreboxetine standard dose RCTs: 1 Participants: 828 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Milnacipran standard dose RCTs: 2 Participants: 1298 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mirtazapine standard dose RCTs: 1 Participants: 422 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duloxetine low dose RCTs: 6 Participants: 1116 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Esreboxetine high dose RCTs: 1 Participants: 555 · people with chronic pain Interventions: desvenlafaxine high dose (≥ 50 mg); duloxetine low dose (< 60 mg), standard… Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Very low |