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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS

current versions

No studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Ocrelizumab vs placebo Number of participants with new or enlarging T2‐hyperintense lesions on MRI · people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants experiencing disability progression · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	HR 0.6 [0.43, 0.84]	2 studies · 1656 participants	Low
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants with any adverse events · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.96, 1.04]	2 studies · 1651 participants	Moderate
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants with any serious adverse events · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.57, 1.11]	2 studies · 1651 participants	Low
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants experiencing treatment discontinuation caused by adverse events · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.58 [0.37, 0.91]	2 studies · 1651 participants	Low
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants with gadolinium‐enhancing T1 lesions on MRI · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.27 [0.22, 0.35]	2 studies · 1656 participants	Low
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants with new or enlarging T2‐hyperintense lesions on MRI · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.57, 0.69]	2 studies · 1656 participants	Low
Ocrelizumab vs placebo Number of participants experiencing disability progression · people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	HR 0.75 [0.58, 0.98]	1 study · 731 participants	Low
Ocrelizumab vs placebo Number of participants with any adverse events · people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [1.01, 1.11]	1 study · 725 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Spasticity: number of participants reporting reduction of 30% in the spasticity NRS ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 2.51 [1.56, 4.04]	5 studies · 1143 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Pain:number of participants reporting pain relief of 50% or greater in the NRS‐PI ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 4.23 [1.11, 16.17]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo PGIC:number of participants reporting much or very much improvement in the PGIC ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 1.8 [1.37, 2.36]	8 studies · 1215 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Health‐related quality of life. Mean change from baseline · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 1942 participants	Low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Withdrawn due to adverse events ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 2.41 [1.51, 3.84]	21 studies · 3110 participants	Low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo SAEs: number of participants with SAEs ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 1.38 [0.96, 1.99]	20 studies · 3124 participants	Low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Specific AEs:number of participants reporting nervous system disorders ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 2.61 [1.53, 4.44]	7 studies · 1154 participants	Low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Specific AEs: number of participants reporting psychiatric disorders ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 1.94 [1.31, 2.88]	6 studies · 1122 participants	Low
Summary of findings table ‐ Cannabis vs Placebo Specific AEs: number of participants reporting drug tolerance ( · health problem or population Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane	OR 3.07 [0.12, 75.95]	2 studies · 458 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Subjective memory measures ‐ intermediate EMQ, MSNQ, CFQ, MFQa · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 1045 participants	High
Intervention NR Objective verbal memory measures ‐ intermediate CVLT, AVLT, HVLT, VLT, SRT, MUSICa · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 753 participants	Low
Intervention NR Objective visual memory measures ‐ intermediate BVMT‐R, SPART, CMT, ROCF · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 751 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Objective working memory measures ‐ intermediate PASAT, WAIS · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 821 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Informating processing ‐ intermediate SDMT · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 933 participants	Low
Intervention NR Quality of life ‐ intermediateMSIS, MSQOL, SF‐36, SF‐12, SWLS, EQ‐5D‐5La · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 683 participants	High
Intervention NR Acitivities of daily living ‐ intermediateEADLa · people with multiple sclerosis Memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 400 participants	High
Siponimod vs placebo Number of participants with relapses at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.38 [0.15, 1]	1 study · 94 participants	Very low
Siponimod vs placebo Participants with disability worsening at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.65, 0.94]	1 study · 1641 participants	Low
Siponimod vs placebo Number of participants who withdrew due to AEs at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.52 [0.85, 2.71]	2 studies · 1739 participants	Low
Siponimod vs placebo Annualised relapse rate · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.43 [0.34, 0.56]	2 studies · 1739 participants	Low
Siponimod vs placebo Mean number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on T1‐weighted brain MRI image at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.14 [0.1, 0.19]	1 study · 1641 participants	Very low
Siponimod vs placebo Mean number of new lesions or enlarged pre‐existing lesions on T2‐weighted brain MRI images at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.19	2 studies · 1739 participants	Low
Siponimod vs placebo Number of participants with at least one SAE at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis Siponimod for multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.8 [0.37, 8.77]	2 studies · 1739 participants	Low
Rituximab as 'first choice' vs other disease‐modifying treatments Comparison intervention · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rituximab as 'first choice' vs placebo Quality of life · primary progressive multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rituximab as 'first choice' vs placebo Common infections measured by clinical assessment over 28 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.14 [0.75, 1.73]	1 study · 439 participants	Low
Rituximab as 'first choice' vs placebo Cancer measured by clinical assessment over 28 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.5 [0.07, 3.59]	1 study · 439 participants	Low
Rituximab as 'first choice' vs placebo Mortality measured by clinical assessment over 28 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.25 [0.02, 2.77]	1 study · 439 participants	Low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Disability worsening · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Relapse measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.38 [0.16, 0.93]	1 study · 104 participants	Low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.9 [0.28, 2.92]	1 study · 104 participants	Very low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Quality of life · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Common infections measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 0.91 [0.37, 2.24]	1 study · 104 participants	Very low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Cancer measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.55 [0.06, 39.15]	1 study · 104 participants	Very low
Rituximab as 'first choice' vs other disease‐modifying treatments — · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rituximab as 'switching' vs placebo Mortality measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	OR 1.55 [0.06, 39.15]	1 study · 104 participants	Very low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs other disease‐modifying treatments Comparison intervention · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Rituximab as 'switching' vs other disease‐modifying treatments Interferons or glatiramer acetate · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.86 [0.52, 1.42]	853 participants	Very low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs other disease‐modifying treatments Fingolimod · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.08 [0.02, 0.32]	256 participants	Moderate
Rituximab as 'switching' vs other disease‐modifying treatments Natalizumab · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	HR 1 [0.2, 5]	153 participants	Very low
Rituximab as 'switching' vs other disease‐modifying treatments — · relapsing multiple sclerosis Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies