What do systematic reviews say?

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care

• Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 399 participants
  Low

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) showed no clear difference in birth preferences: prefer caesarean section compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.08, 1.85]
  2 studies · 208 participants
  Low

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care

Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) showed no clear difference in epidural analgesia during labour compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.98, 1.48]
  2 studies · 380 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

Specialist breastfeeding education showed no clear difference in incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.17, 4.95]
  1 study · 203 participants
  Low

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

Specialist breastfeeding education showed no clear difference in breast pain (sore nipples) compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.36, 2.37]
  1 study · 203 participants
  Low

Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum compared with usual care or placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.37 [0.1, 1.34]
  3 studies · 429 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acupuncture vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acupuncture vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acupuncture vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes use of pharmacological analgesia compared with usual care (very low certainty).

• Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.6, 0.85]
  6 studies · 1059 participants
  Very low