Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

480 questions · 484 findings · 52 reviews · Musculoskeletal

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No studies found 114 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 24 · 5%Very low 33 · 6.8%Low 145 · 30%Moderate 116 · 24%High 52 · 10.7%

Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo

Proportion with adverse events · lateral elbow pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo

Proportion with a serious adverse event · lateral elbow pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 174 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

Quality of life · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Non‐vertebral fractures · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo

Acceptability: total withdrawals · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

Vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from the study for any reason compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.46, 1.19]
2 studies · 189 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D vs placebo

Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 408 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Moderate

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Quality of life · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Non‐vertebral fractures · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 202 participants
Low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Acceptability: total withdrawals · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

Calcium and vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from the study for any reason compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.29, 2.35]
2 studies · 541 participants
Low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Quality of life · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Non‐vertebral fractures · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calcium vs placebo

Acceptability: total withdrawals · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years)

Calcium showed no clear difference in withdrawals from the study for any reason compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.52, 1.16]
4 studies · 261 participants
Moderate