Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

231 questions · 231 findings · 28 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 41 · 17.7%GRADE not reported 10 · 4.3%Very low 35 · 15.2%Low 94 · 40.7%Moderate 35 · 15.2%High 16 · 6.9%

Intervention not reported

Vascular puncture · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks

The intervention may leads to lower vascular puncture (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.19 [0.07, 0.57]
5 studies · 387 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Time to perform block · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 690 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Number of attempts9 · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 7 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Patient discomfort9 · People undergoing upper and lower limb blocks

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 7 participants
Low

Infraclavicular block vs all other brachial plexus blocks

Adequate surgical anaesthesia ‐ At 30 minutes post‐block assessment interval · patients with regional anaesthesia of the lower arm

infraclavicular block showed no clear difference in adequate surgical anaesthesia ‐ At 30 minutes post‐block assessment… compared with all other brachial plexus blocks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Infraclavicular brachial plexus block for regional anaesthesia of the lower arm 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.51, 1.52]
14 studies · 1051 participants
High

Infraclavicular block vs all other brachial plexus blocks

Supplementation required for surgical anaesthesia · patients with regional anaesthesia of the lower arm

infraclavicular block showed no clear difference in supplementation required to achieve adequate surgical anaesthesia compared with all other brachial plexus blocks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Infraclavicular brachial plexus block for regional anaesthesia of the lower arm 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.62, 1.46]
17 studies · 1412 participants
High

Infraclavicular block vs all other brachial plexus blocks

Tourniquet pain · patients with regional anaesthesia of the lower arm

infraclavicular block leads to lower tourniquet pain compared with all other brachial plexus blocks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Infraclavicular brachial plexus block for regional anaesthesia of the lower arm 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.66 [0.47, 0.92]
8 studies · 615 participants
High

Infraclavicular block vs all other brachial plexus blocks

Onset time of adequate surgical anaesthesia (minutes) · patients with regional anaesthesia of the lower arm

1 finding from 1 review

Infraclavicular brachial plexus block for regional anaesthesia of the lower arm 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 726 participants
Moderate

Infraclavicular block vs all other brachial plexus blocks

Block performance time (minutes) ‐ multiple‐injection axillary block · patients with regional anaesthesia of the lower arm

1 finding from 1 review

Infraclavicular brachial plexus block for regional anaesthesia of the lower arm 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 391 participants
High

Infraclavicular block vs all other brachial plexus blocks

Block performance time (minutes) ‐ mid‐humeral block · patients with regional anaesthesia of the lower arm

1 finding from 1 review

Infraclavicular brachial plexus block for regional anaesthesia of the lower arm 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 224 participants
Moderate

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Mortality－At any time · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Neuraxial showed no clear difference in mortality－At any time compared with general anaesthesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.38, 2.07]
4 studies · 696 participants
Low

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Myocardial infarction ‐ Spinal anaesthesia · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Neuraxial showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction－Spinal anaesthesia compared with general anaesthesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.89 [0.5, 7.21]
2 studies · 306 participants
Low

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Myocardial infarction ‐ Epidural anaesthesia · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Neuraxial showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction－Epidural anaesthesia compared with general anaesthesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.98 [0.37, 2.58]
3 studies · 390 participants
Low

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Amputation rate ‐ Spinal anaesthesia · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Neuraxial showed no clear difference in amputation rate－Spinal anaesthesia compared with general anaesthesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.04 [0.35, 3.06]
2 studies · 235 participants
Low

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Amputation rate ‐ Epidural anaesthesia · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

Neuraxial showed no clear difference in amputation rate－Epidural anaesthesia compared with general anaesthesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.66 [0.21, 2.07]
2 studies · 230 participants
Low

Neuraxial vs general anaesthesia

Pneumonia · people who underwent a lower limb revascularisation

It is very uncertain whether neuraxial changes pneumonia compared with general anaesthesia (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower‐limb revascularization 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.37 [0.15, 0.89]
2 studies · 201 participants
Very low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.89, 1.54]
16 studies · 11446 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to lower acute myocardial infarction (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.6, 0.87]
12 studies · 10520 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.65 [0.97, 2.81]
6 studies · 9460 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

It is very uncertain whether perioperative beta‐blockers changes ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.35, 1.47]
5 studies · 476 participants
Very low