All‐cause death · stable COPD
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) · stable COPD
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD
Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD
Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
COPD exacerbations · Adults with COPD
Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler probably leads to lower acute exacerbations of COPD (4‐week to 24‐week compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SGRQ Total SGRQ (Total) Score. Scale from: 0 to 100. Lower score indicates better quality of life. · Adults with COPD
1 finding from 1 review
FEV1 · Adults with COPD
1 finding from 1 review
Difference vs placebo in adjusted peak FEV1 (3‐week to 6‐month · Adults with COPD
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD
Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NNS versus sugar NNS: aspartame, saccharin, sodium‐cyclamate
1 finding from 1 review
Outcomes (weighted · stable COPD
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to lower moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severe exacerbations (rate) · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to lower severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline (lower scores indicate better HRQoL) · stable COPD
Triple therapy leads to higher respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) · stable COPD
Triple therapy probably leads to higher pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SAEs · stable COPD
Triple therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause SAEs compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Symptoms of dyspnoea · stable COPD
Triple therapy probably leads to higher symptom score TDI, ≥ 1‐unit increase (lower scores indicate worse… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Change in baseline trough FEV1 · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to higher lung function, change in trough FEV1 (mL) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (all‐cause) · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Total studies: 17 RCTs Total participants: 22,819 · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…
1 finding from 1 review