Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,543 questions · 2,589 findings · 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 601 · 23.2%GRADE not reported 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ lorazepam + risperidone vs lorazepam… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: need for additional medication ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term (up to 6 months) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines + antipsychotics changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ +/vs… compared with same antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐ medium term As… compared with same antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects/events ‐ extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐… compared with same antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review