Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

831 questions · 877 findings · 52 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care

No studies found 288 · 32.8%GRADE not reported 30 · 3.4%Very low 210 · 23.9%Low 214 · 24.4%Moderate 97 · 11.1%High 38 · 4.3%

Intervention not reported

Resource use Amount collected and return on investment · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Resource use Estimated programme savings · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Healthcare and health outcomes · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Corruption Pharmaceutical company spending on gifts · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Corruption Fraud · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Corruption Informal payments · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · doctors

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Resource use · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Healthcare and health outcomes · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Resource use · doctors

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Healthcare and health outcomes · doctors

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · health professionals

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Healthcare and health outcomes Utilisation and health outcomes · health professionals
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Corruption Complaints and convictions · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients
1 finding from 1 review