What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes treatment completion (very low certainty).

• Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.04]
  1 study · 302 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.62 [0.51, 5.12]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.6, 1.85]
  1 study · 51 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 22 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation probably leads to higher participants cured or improved compared with drug therapy (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.38]
  8 studies · 439 participants
  Moderate

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 336 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation may leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus oxybutynin compared with drug therapy (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.84]
  2 studies · 79 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation probably leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus tolterodine compared with drug therapy (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.12 [0.05, 0.27]
  4 studies · 200 participants
  Moderate