Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

Any field or review title

Field or topic

Source

Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Constipation · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 2.98 [1.21, 7.3]	4 studies · 299 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Serum phosphate level · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 171 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Coronary artery calcification score · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 38 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Death (all causes) · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.52 [0.06, 4.65]	2 studies · 239 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Hypercalcaemia · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Nausea · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.3, 3.27]	1 study · 149 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Vomiting · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Constipation · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 2.66 [1.15, 6.12]	3 studies · 422 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Serum phosphate level · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 422 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Iron vs placebo/usual care Coronary artery calcification score · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Death (all causes) · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.46 [0.05, 4.32]	1 study · 110 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Hypercalcaemia · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 7.28 [1.64, 32.2]	3 studies · 215 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Nausea · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.58 [0.15, 2.18]	2 studies · 197 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Vomiting · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Constipation · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 2.44 [0.32, 18.4]	2 studies · 197 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Hypercalcaemia · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.9 [0.12, 29.32]	1 study · 42 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Serum phosphate level · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 151 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Calcium vs placebo/usual care Coronary artery calcification score · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 60 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Death (all causes) · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.53 [0.3, 0.91]	16 studies · 3688 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.45 [0.11, 1.77]	6 studies · 2829 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Hypercalcaemia · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.3 [0.2, 0.43]	19 studies · 4084 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Nausea · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.56, 1.71]	4 studies · 365 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Vomiting · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.54, 1.69]	2 studies · 263 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Constipation · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.35 [0.71, 2.57]	6 studies · 2652 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Serum phosphate level · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	23 studies · 4360 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs calcium Coronary artery calcium score · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 517 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Nausea · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [0.07, 22.42]	3 studies · 370 participants	Very low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Death (all causes) · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.76 [0.18, 3.11]	6 studies · 505 participants	Low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Cardiovascular death · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Hypercalcaemia · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.16 [0.06, 0.43]	8 studies · 1347 participants	Low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Nausea · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.65 [0.95, 2.89]	5 studies · 1191 participants	Low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Vomiting · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 3.88 [0.48, 31.7]	2 studies · 1058 participants	Very low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Constipation · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.5, 1.26]	5 studies · 1213 participants	Low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Serum phosphate level · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 400 participants	Very low
Summary of findings ‐ Lanthanum vs calcium Coronary artery calcium score · patients with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 42 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Vomiting · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 2.09 [0.26, 16.57]	2 studies · 165 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Constipation · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 6.92 [2.24, 21.38]	4 studies · 430 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Serum phosphate level · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 483 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Coronary artery calcification score · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 115 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Death (all causes) · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.63 [0.07, 37.12]	3 studies · 214 participants	Very low
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Residual renal function (GFR; · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	15 studies · 835 participants	High
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Residual renal function (renal CrCl) ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 114 participants	Low
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Urine volume ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 69 participants	Low
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Daily ultrafiltration ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 102 participants	Moderate
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Peritonitis ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.77, 1.18]	6 studies · 667 participants	Low
Glucose polymer (icodextrin) vs standard glucose dialysate Technique failure (death‐censored) (up to 24 months) · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.32, 1.12]	4 studies · 350 participants	Very low
Low GDP (all buffer types) vs standard glucose dialysate Urine volume ( · PD patients Biocompatible dialysis fluids for peritoneal dialysis (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 791 participants	High