Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo

Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy or both) · people with AMD

Lutein with or without zeaxanthin showed no clear difference in progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, or both) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any cranberry product vs placebo or control

Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Elderly men and women in institutions · preventing UTI

Any cranberry product showed no clear difference in symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Elderly men and women in… compared with placebo or control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any cranberry product vs placebo or control

Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Adults with bladder emptying issues or multiple sclerosis · preventing UTI

Any cranberry product showed no clear difference in symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI Adults with bladder emptying… compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any cranberry product vs placebo or control

Symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI People with a susceptibility to a UTI due to an intervention · preventing UTI

Any cranberry product may leads to lower symptomatic, culture‐verified UTI People with a susceptibility to a… compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in quality of lifeMeasured by IPSS‐QoL score (range 0 to 6) compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lamotrigine vs placebo

50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Summary of findings: lamotrigine probably leads to higher 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (ITT analysis) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review