What do systematic reviews say?

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

It is very uncertain whether CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) changes occurrence of falls compared with control (standard care or sham treatments) (very low certainty).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.66, 1.39]
  5 studies · 1119 participants
  Very low

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 314 participants
  Low

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes E‐health interventions (very low certainty).

• Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.48
  2 studies · 389 participants
  Very low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 169 participants
  Very low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 199 participants
  Very low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise interventions for adults after liver transplantation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 199 participants
  Very low

Ulipristal acetate (all doses) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mefanamic acid vs Vitex agnus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of Findings Table ‐ The Lidcombe Program vs waiting list control

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for stuttering in children six years and younger 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Complex information, support and training interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 597 participants
  Moderate

Complex information, support and training interventions vs information only

Complex information, support and training interventions probably leads to higher dropouts for any reason compared with information provision only (moderate certainty).

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.51 [1.04, 2.2]
  12 studies · 1266 participants
  Moderate

Complex information, support and training interventions vs information only

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Complex information, support and training interventions vs information only

It is very uncertain whether complex information, support and training interventions changes institutional care ‐ nursing home placement compared with information provision only (very low certainty).

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.67 [0.12, 60.93]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Complex information, support and training interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 638 participants
  Moderate

Complex information, support and training interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 311 participants
  Moderate

Complex information, support and training interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Complex information, support and training interventions showed no clear difference in dropouts for any reason compared with usual treatment, waiting list or attention control informations (low certainty).

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [0.87, 1.53]
  8 studies · 661 participants
  Low

Complex information, support and training interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Complex information, support and training interventions showed no clear difference in use of health and social resources compared with usual treatment, waiting list or attention control informations (moderate certainty).

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Rate ratio 1.05 [0.93, 1.19]
  1 study · 4776 participants
  Moderate

Complex information, support and training interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

It is very uncertain whether complex information, support and training interventions changes institutional care ‐ nursing home placement compared with usual treatment, waiting list or attention control informations (very low certainty).

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.11, 3.11]
  1 study · 34 participants
  Very low

Complex information, support and training interventions vs information only

• Remotely delivered information, training and support for informal caregivers of people with dementia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 650 participants
  Low