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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut
current versionsNo studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Quality of life ‐ Karnofsky performance status Karnofsky status judged by clinicians. Scale: 0 to 100 · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Short‐term therapeutic effects ‐ improvement (complete response + partial response) · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.02, 1.35] | 8 studies · 450 participants | Moderate |
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Short‐term therapeutic effects ‐ progressive disease · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.52, 1.01] | 8 studies · 450 participants | Low |
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy TCM symptoms ‐ total effectiveness · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.84 [1.2, 2.81] | 2 studies · 88 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Postoperative mortality · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.64 [0.26, 1.54] | 7 studies · 464 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pancreatic fistula · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.49, 1.84] | 7 studies · 468 participants | Low |
Intervention NR DGE · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 3.03 [1.05, 8.7] | 7 studies · 459 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Overall survival · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.84 [0.61, 1.16] | 3 studies · 284 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Intraoperative blood loss (millilitres) · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 404 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Red blood cell transfusion (units) · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Operating time (minutes) · people with surgical treatment for periampullary or pancreatic carcinoma Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) for… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 472 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Induction of remission at 4 weeks · Childen (<16 years old)with active Crohn's disease Glutamine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.31, 2.04] | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
Briakinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical remission (Mannon 2004) CDAI (≤150 points) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.14] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical response CDAI (≥100 point reduction) · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.77, 0.88] | 3 studies · 1320 participants | High |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical response (6 mg/kg subgroup) CDAI (≥100 point reduction) · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.77, 0.91] | 2 studies · 916 participants | High |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Adverse events · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.04] | 4 studies · 2023 participants | High |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Serious adverse events · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.58, 1.2] | 4 studies · 2023 participants | Moderate |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse event · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.18, 1.05] | 2 studies · 657 participants | Low |
Briakinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical remission (Panaccione 2010) CDAI (≤150 points) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.83, 1.03] | 1 study · 230 participants | Low |
Briakinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical response (Mannon 2004) CDAI ‐ (≥100 point reduction) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.42, 0.99] | 1 study · 79 participants | Low |
Briakinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical response (Panaccione 2010) CDAI ‐ (≥100 point reduction) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.67, 0.99] | 1 study · 230 participants | Moderate |
Briakinumab vs placebo Adverse events (Panaccione 2010) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.75, 1.07] | 1 study · 230 participants | Moderate |
Briakinumab vs placebo Serious adverse events (Panaccione 2010) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.17, 1.61] | 1 study · 246 participants | Low |
Briakinumab vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse event** (Pannaccione 2010) · induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.14, 3.31] | 1 study · 246 participants | Low |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical remission CDAI (≤ 150) · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.88, 0.96] | 3 studies · 1320 participants | High |
Ustekinumab vs placebo Failure to induce clinical remission (6 mg/kg subgroup) CDAI (≤ 150) · patients with induction of remission in Crohn's disease Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.87, 0.97] | 2 studies · 916 participants | Moderate |
Sulfasalazine vs placebo Induction of remission (CDAI <150), therapeutic response (VHI decrease >=25%) or clinical improvement · patients with induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.95, 2.43] | 3 studies · 289 participants | Low |
Azo‐bonded and delayed‐release mesalamine (2 ‐ 3.2 g/day) vs Placebo Induction of remission or clinical improvement ‐ Asacol (3.2 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.7 [1.06, 6.88] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Azo‐bonded and delayed‐release mesalamine (2 ‐ 3.2 g/day) vs Placebo Induction of remission (CDAI < 150 + decrease >=70) ‐ Asacol (3.2 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.03 [0.75, 5.45] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Delayed‐release mesalamine (3 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Corticosteroids Induction of remission (CDAI < or =150 with or without decrease of at least 60 points) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.79, 1.36] | 3 studies · 178 participants | Moderate |
Delayed‐release mesalamine (3 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Corticosteroids Induction of remission (CDAI < or =150 with or without decrease of at least 60 points) ‐ 3 g/day · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.49, 1.85] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Delayed‐release mesalamine (3 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Corticosteroids Induction of remission (CDAI < or =150 with or without decrease of at least 60 points) ‐ 2.4 g/day · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.61, 1.64] | 1 study · 50 participants | Moderate |
Delayed‐release mesalamine (3 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Corticosteroids Induction of remission (CDAI < or =150 with or without decrease of at least 60 points) ‐ 4 g/day microgranules · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.82, 1.92] | 1 study · 44 participants | Moderate |
Delayed‐release mesalamine (3 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Corticosteroids Induction of remission (CDAI < or =150 with or without decrease of at least 60 points) ‐ 4.5 g/day · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.3, 1.46] | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
Mesalamine (4 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Budesonide Induction of remission (CDAI < or = 150) ‐ Pentasa (4 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.4, 0.78] | 1 study · 182 participants | Low |
Mesalamine (4 ‐ 4.5 g/day) vs Budesonide Induction of remission (CDAI < or = 150) ‐ Salofalk (4.5 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.76, 1.05] | 1 study · 307 participants | Moderate |
Mesalamine vs Sulfasalazine (alone or Induction of remission (CDAI < 150) or clinical improvement ‐ Salofalk (1.5 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.82, 1.7] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Sulfasalazine vs placebo Induction of remission (CDAI <150) (Random Effects Model) · patients with induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [1, 1.89] | 2 studies · 263 participants | Moderate |
Mesalamine vs Sulfasalazine (alone or Induction of remission (CDAI < 150) or clinical improvement ‐ Salofalk (3.0 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.75, 1.18] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Sulfasalazine vs Corticosteroids Induction of remission (CDAI <150) · patients with induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.51, 0.91] | 2 studies · 260 participants | Moderate |
Sulfasalazine vs Sulfasalazine and corticosteroids Induction of remission · patients with induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.47, 0.86] | 1 study · 110 participants | Moderate |
Controlled‐release mesalamine (1 ‐ 2 g/day) vs Placebo Decrease in CDAI >=50, HBI >=2 or improvement/remission (as defined by Tvede et al) · patients with induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.8, 1.42] | 3 studies · 342 participants | Low |
Controlled‐release mesalamine (1 ‐ 2 g/day) vs Placebo Induction of remission (CDAI <=150 + decrease of >=50 or as defined by Tvede et al) · patients with induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.89, 2.4] | 2 studies · 302 participants | Low |
Controlled‐release mesalamine (4 g/day) vs Placebo Mean change in baseline CDAI (Random effects model) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 615 participants | Low |
Controlled‐release mesalamine (4 g/day) vs Placebo Mean change in baseline CDAI (Fixed effects model) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 615 participants | Low |
Azo‐bonded and delayed‐release mesalamine (2 ‐ 3.2 g/day) vs Placebo Induction of remission or clinical improvement ‐ Olsalazine (2 g/day) · patients with Induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.18, 0.71] | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Stents vs no stents Pancreatic fistulas · people undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy Stents for the prevention of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.39, 1.14] | 4 studies · 605 participants | Low |
Internal stents vs external stents Reoperation · people undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy Stents for the prevention of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.02 [0.38, 10.79] | 2 studies · 319 participants | Low |
Internal stents vs external stents Total hospital stay · people undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy Stents for the prevention of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 262 participants | Low |
Internal stents vs external stents Delayed gastric emptying · people undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy Stents for the prevention of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.66, 4.09] | 3 studies · 362 participants | Low |