What do systematic reviews say?

LAMA vs placebo

LAMAs showed no clear difference in pulmonary exacerbations: participants reporting ≥1 pulmonary… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Long‐acting inhaled bronchodilators for cystic fibrosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.6 [0.32, 1.12]
  2 studies · 805 participants
  Moderate

Adherence education vs controls

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 280 participants
  Low

Electronic trackers or reminders (± feedback) vs controls

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 109 participants
  Low
• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 596 participants
  Low

Electronic trackers or reminders (± feedback) vs controls

Electronic trackers or reminders (± feedback) showed no clear difference in unscheduled healthcare visits to a healthcare provider (ED) WMD of compared with controls (moderate certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.14 [0.88, 1.47]
  2 studies · 2918 participants
  Moderate

Electronic trackers or reminders (± feedback) vs controls

Electronic trackers or reminders (± feedback) showed no clear difference in absenteeism (people with at least 1 absence) compared with controls (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.42 [0.82, 2.47]
  1 study · 220 participants
  Low

Electronic trackers or reminders (± feedback) vs controls

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 369 participants
  Moderate

Simplified vs usual regimens

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1310 participants
  Moderate

Simplified vs usual regimens

Simplified showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring OCS People with 1 or more compared with usual regimens (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.33 [0.17, 32.58]
  1 study · 16 participants
  Low

Simplified vs usual regimens

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 103 participants
  Moderate

Simplified vs usual regimens

Simplified showed no clear difference in unscheduled visits compared with usual regimens (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.17 [0.72, 1.9]
  1 study · 1037 participants
  Low

Simplified vs usual regimens

Simplified showed no clear difference in absence from work/school compared with usual regimens (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.37, 2.3]
  1 study · 1037 participants
  Low

Adherence education vs controls

Adherence education showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring OCS (people with 1 or more) WMD of compared with controls (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.82 [0.99, 3.36]
  3 studies · 349 participants
  Low

Simplified vs usual regimens

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1037 participants
  Low

Simplified vs usual regimens

Simplified showed no clear difference in all adverse events compared with usual regimens (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.76 [0.56, 1.04]
  1 study · 1233 participants
  Low

School‐based ICS therapy vs home therapy

School‐based ICS therapy showed no clear difference in unscheduled visits 1 or more hospitalisations for any cause WMD of compared with home therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.58 [0.16, 2.05]
  2 studies · 279 participants
  Low

School‐based ICS therapy vs home therapy

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 279 participants
  Moderate

School‐based ICS therapy vs home therapy

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 99 participants
  GRADE not reported

Adherence education vs controls

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 455 participants
  Moderate
• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 333 participants
  Moderate

Adherence education vs controls

It is very uncertain whether adherence education changes unsheduled visits to a healthcare provider (people with 1 or more)… compared with controls (very low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.48 [0.19, 1.19]
  4 studies · 688 participants
  Very low

Adherence education vs controls

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 109 participants
  GRADE not reported