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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

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Review versions

2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut

current versions

No studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Any adverse event · Patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.82 [0.99, 8.01]	5 studies · 257 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Withdrawal due to adverse event · Patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis Azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2016) · Cochrane	RR 5.43 [1.02, 28.75]	5 studies · 199 participants	Very low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Clinical remission · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [0.97, 1.55]	5 studies · 380 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine vs infliximab Adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.93, 1.08]	1 study · 324 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine vs infliximab Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.47 [0.96, 2.23]	1 study · 324 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine vs infliximab Serious adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.77, 1.62]	1 study · 324 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab Clinical remission · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.26 [1.03, 1.54]	1 study · 338 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab Clinical remission off steroids · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [1.02, 1.47]	2 studies · 383 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab Mucosal healing · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [1.02, 2.19]	1 study · 210 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab Adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.09]	1 study · 342 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.16 [0.75, 1.8]	1 study · 342 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine + infliximab vs infliximab Serious adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.41, 0.98]	1 study · 342 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs methotrexate Clinical remission1 · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.13 [0.85, 1.49]	3 studies · 143 participants	Low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Clinical remission or improvement · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.26 [0.98, 1.62]	8 studies · 434 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs methotrexate Adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.42 [0.21, 0.82]	2 studies · 85 participants	Low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs methotrexate Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.23, 2.71]	2 studies · 85 participants	Very low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs 5‐ASA or Sulfasalzine Clinical remission · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.24 [0.8, 1.91]	2 studies · 156 participants	Very low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs 5‐ASA or Sulfasalzine Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.38, 2.54]	2 studies · 156 participants	Low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Fistula improvement or healing · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2 [0.67, 5.93]	3 studies · 18 participants	Low
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Steroid sparing effect · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.34 [1.02, 1.77]	4 studies · 143 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.7 [0.94, 3.08]	8 studies · 510 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine vs placebo Serious Adverse events · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.57 [0.92, 7.13]	2 studies · 216 participants	Low
Azathioprine vs infliximab Clinical remission · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.66 [0.51, 0.87]	1 study · 339 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine vs infliximab Clinical remission off steroids · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.51, 0.9]	1 study · 339 participants	Moderate
Azathioprine vs infliximab Mucosal healing · Patients with active Crohn's disease Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.55 [0.33, 0.94]	1 study · 214 participants	Moderate
5‐ASA vs placebo Relapse, drop‐outs classed as relapse, grouped by length of · patients with maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.07]	11 studies · 2014 participants	Moderate
5‐ASA vs placebo Relapse, drop‐outs classed as relapse, grouped by length of · patients with maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.8, 1.23]	1 study · 161 participants	Low
5‐ASA vs placebo Relapse, drop‐outs classed as relapse, grouped by length of · patients with maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [0.86, 1.33]	1 study · 132 participants	Moderate
5‐ASA vs placebo Adverse events · patients with maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.95, 1.17]	10 studies · 1814 participants	Low
5‐ASA vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.88, 1.38]	10 studies · 1833 participants	Low
5‐ASA vs placebo Serious adverse events · patients with maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [0.24, 8.44]	3 studies · 576 participants	Low
Intervention NR H. pylori eradication therapy plus ulcer healing drug versus ulcer healing drug alone · people with Helicobacter pylori‐positive peptic ulcer Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori‐positive people (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.66 [0.58, 0.76]	34 studies · 3910 participants	Low
Intervention NR H. pylori eradication therapy versus no active treatment · people with Helicobacter pylori‐positive peptic ulcer Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori‐positive people (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.37 [0.26, 0.53]	2 studies · 207 participants	Low
Intervention NR H. pylori eradication therapy versus ulcer healing drug alone · prevention of recurrence in people with Helicobacter pylori‐positive peptic ulcer Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori‐positive people (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.42, 1.25]	4 studies · 319 participants	Very low
Intervention NR H. pylori eradication therapy versus no active treatment · prevention of recurrence in people with Helicobacter pylori‐positive peptic ulcer Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori‐positive people (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.15, 0.26]	27 studies · 2509 participants	Very low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy All‐cause mortality ‐ not reported · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy TCM symptoms ‐ ineffectiveness · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.93]	2 studies · 88 participants	Very low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ mucositis Diagnosed by clinicians · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.92 [0.8, 1.06]	1 study · 50 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ radiation oesophagitis · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.66 [0.47, 0.94]	2 studies · 160 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ arrest of bone marrow · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.28 [0.14, 0.58]	1 study · 90 participants	Moderate
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ gastrointestinal reactions Diagnosed by clinicians · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.36, 0.81]	4 studies · 268 participants	Very low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ renal and hepatic impairment ‐ Fuzheng Guben granules · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.13, 0.84]	1 study · 90 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ renal and hepatic impairment‐ Xiaoaiping Diagnosed by clinicians · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.12, 6.48]	1 study · 60 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ white blood cell descent Diagnosed by clinicians · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.44, 0.83]	4 studies · 224 participants	Very low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ neurotoxicity Diagnosed by clinicians · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.34, 1.55]	1 study · 60 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Adverse events ‐ cardiac toxicity Diagnosed by clinicians · oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.24, 2.69]	1 study · 60 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Median survival times ‐ not reported · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Time to progression ‐ not reported · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Quality of life ‐ number experiencing improvement · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.2 [1.42, 3.39]	5 studies · 233 participants	Low
Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy Quality of life ‐ number experiencing deterioration · patients with oesophageal cancer Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.41 [0.27, 0.62]	6 studies · 287 participants	Low