Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone Sustainable remission between 52 and 78 weeks: complete or partial remission (primary outcome 1, 2, 3) · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.9, 2.1] | 1 study · 138 participants | Moderate |
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone CKD or death: death by 52 weeks · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.75] | 1 study · 138 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone CKD or death: 50% decline in GFR by 78 weeks · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.29 [0.46, 11.41] | 1 study · 138 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone Adverse events (weeks 0 to 26): serious infection requiring hospitalisation · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.22, 1.96] | 1 study · 138 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone Adverse events (weeks 0 to 26): hypertension · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [0.66, 4.29] | 1 study · 138 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Number with complete or partial response at one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 [1.32, 3.07] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Number with complete response at one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [1.11, 2.9] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Complete or partial remission: all renal pathologies · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.15 [1.04, 9.57] | 4 studies · 74 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Number with partial response at one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.68 [0.58, 37.68] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Number with treatment failure by one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.06, 0.54] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Number with frequent relapses by one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.09, 0.92] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Number with steroid resistance by one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 1.23] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Tacrolimus vs mycophenolate mofetil to maintain remission Change in GFR · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Complete remission: all renal pathologies · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.61, 1.87] | 2 studies · 84 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Complete remission: FSGS · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.43, 2.37] | 2 studies · 63 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Complete or partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.53, 1.45] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Complete or partial remission: FSGS · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.53, 1.45] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Treatment failure · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [0.87, 2.88] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Complete or partial remission: FSGS · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [0.85, 8.31] | 2 studies · 49 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Adverse events: death (all causes) · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.19, 5.95] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo Adverse events: hypertension with seizures · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.05, 10.89] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Complete remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [0.65, 3.85] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.15, 6.55] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Continuing remission at one year · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.19, 3.01] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Adverse events: renal insufficiency · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.04, 2.99] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Adverse events: bacterial infection · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.1, 10.62] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Adverse events: vomiting · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [0.35, 16.17] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
IV vs oral cyclophosphamide Adverse events: alopecia · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.27, 8.22] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Treatment response at 6 months: complete remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.65, 1.96] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Adverse events: worsening of hypertension · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.17, 5.98] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Treatment response at 6 months: partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.14, 5.79] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Treatment response at 6 months: complete or partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.68, 1.74] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Treatment response at 18 months: sustained remission/steroid‐sensitive relapses · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.65, 1.96] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Treatment response at 18 months: CKD · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.06, 13.35] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Adverse events: hypertension · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.04 [0, 0.68] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
IV cyclophosphamide vs oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone Adverse events: bacterial infections · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.27, 1.63] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Number with complete remission: complete remission in initial steroid resistance · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Number with complete remission: complete remission in delayed steroid resistance · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.33, 3.94] | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Number with complete remission: complete remission in all patients · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.22, 3.94] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Adverse events: bronchospasm/treatment discontinued · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.12, 64.39] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Adverse events: infection · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.2, 2.51] | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Adverse events: hypotension · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.12, 64.39] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Adverse events: skin rash · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 6.59 [0.37, 117.77] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Rituximab/cyclosporin/prednisolone vs cyclosporin/prednisolone Adverse events: mild dyspnoea · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.71 [0.24, 90.69] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Adverse events: ESKD · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.03, 1.79] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Treatment response at 3 to 6 months: complete or partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.98 [1.25, 3.13] | 2 studies · 156 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Treatment response at 3 to 6 months: complete remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.43 [1.84, 6.41] | 2 studies · 156 participants | Low |
Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) vs calcineurin inhibitors (CNI): main outcomes Outcomes (up to 2 years for primary outcomes) · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) vs calcineurin inhibitors (CNI): secondary outcomes New‐onset diabetes mellitus · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 13 studies · 2791 participants | Moderate |
Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) vs calcineurin inhibitors (CNI): secondary outcomes Lymphoma/PTLD · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.47 [0.78, 7.86] | 8 studies · 2537 participants | Moderate |