What do systematic reviews say?

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes change in any GI upset or intolerance (abdominal pain/diarrhoea) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.13 [0.21, 21.22]
  1 study · 33 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes change in any GI upset or intolerance (constipation) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.18 [0.14, 72.75]
  1 study · 33 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.25, 2.3]
  7 studies · 440 participants
  Low

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to lower end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.42 [0.24, 0.74]
  9 studies · 537 participants
  Moderate

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher total remission (complete or partial) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [1.04, 1.82]
  9 studies · 468 participants
  Moderate