Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

781 questions · 829 findings · 43 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 215 · 25.9%GRADE not reported 39 · 4.7%Very low 205 · 24.7%Low 208 · 25.1%Moderate 130 · 15.7%High 32 · 3.9%

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children vs no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length at 18 months)

Stunting · children under 5 years old

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 999 participants
Very low

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children vs no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length at 18 months)

Length (cm) · children under 5 years old

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children may leads to higher length (cm) at 18 months compared with no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 1.068 [0.488, 1.648]
1 study · 377 participants
Low

Zinc supplementation in pregnant women vs supplementation without zinc or placebo to reduce stunting

Length (cm) · pregnant women

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 237 participants
Low

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Stunting · children under 5 years old

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… showed no clear difference in height‐for‐age (z‐score) compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 2601 participants
Low

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Height‐for‐age (z‐score) Length gain (6 months) · children under 5 years old

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 653 participants
Low

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Height‐for‐age (%) at 18 months, 21 months Length gain · children under 5 years old

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 324 participants
Moderate

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Length velocity (change in cm since start of supplementation) · children under 5 years old

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 315 participants
Low

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Length velocity (cm/month) · children under 5 years old

It is very uncertain whether micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… changes length velocity (cm/month) compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.22 [0.02, 0.43]
1 study · 75 participants
Very low

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Length (cm) · children under 5 years old

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… showed no clear difference in length (cm) at 12 months compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutritional interventions for preventing stunting in children (birth to 59 months) living in urban slums in low‐ and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 2.3
1 study · 100 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Immunisation of children 12 to 24 months old (over a 12 month period) · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Antenatal visits (over the previous 12 months) · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Female use of contraceptives (over a 12 month period) · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Health outcomes · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Mortality in the past year of children younger than 1 year (over a 12 month period) · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Incidence of diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years (over a 12 month period) · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Economic outcomes · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Individual healthcare expenditures (over a 12 month period) · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Psychological therapy vs control

Severity of PTSD symptoms · adults (aged 18 and older) exposed to a traumatic event

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected by… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1272 participants
Low

Psychological therapy vs control

Somatic symptoms and related disorders · children exposed to traumatic events

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected by… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found