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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Lack of efficacy · adults and children with focal seizures Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 388 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any reason · adults and children with focal seizures Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2203 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events · adults and children with focal seizures Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2203 participants | High |
Intervention NR Lack of efficacy · adults and children with focal seizures Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2098 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any reason · adults and children with generalised tonic‐clonic seizures with or without other seizure types Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 405 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events · adults and children with generalised tonic‐clonic seizures with or without other seizure types Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 117 participants | High |
Intervention NR Lack of efficacy · adults and children with generalised tonic‐clonic seizures with or without other seizure types Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta‐analysis of individual participant data (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 405 participants | High |
Brivaracetam vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (responder rate) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Brivaracetam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.81 [1.53, 2.14] | 6 studies · 2411 participants | Moderate |
Brivaracetam vs placebo Seizure freedom · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Brivaracetam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 5.89 [2.3, 15.13] | 6 studies · 2411 participants | Low |
Brivaracetam vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Brivaracetam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.94, 1.74] | 6 studies · 2411 participants | Low |
Brivaracetam vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced adverse events leading to treatment withdrawal · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Brivaracetam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [1.02, 2.33] | 6 studies · 2411 participants | Low |
Brivaracetam vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced any adverse events · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Brivaracetam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [1, 1.17] | 5 studies · 2011 participants | Moderate |
Clonazepam vs carbamazepine Proportion of participants seizure‐free at 12 months after randomization ‐ not reported · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs ethosuximide Proportion of participants with TEAEs leading to discontinuation during the treatment period · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs carbamazepine Proportion of participants seizure‐free at 24 months after randomization ‐ not reported · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs carbamazepine Proportion of responders (those with at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline to end of treatment) · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs carbamazepine Proportion of participants with treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during the treatment period · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs carbamazepine Proportion of participants with treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) leading to discontinuation during the treatment period (1 RCT; n = 36) · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.61 [0.8, 8.52] | NR | Very low |
Clonazepam vs ethosuximide Proportion of participants seizure‐free at 12 months after randomization · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs ethosuximide Proportion of participants seizure‐free at 24 months after randomization · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs ethosuximide Proportion of responders (those with at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline to end of treatment) · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clonazepam vs ethosuximide Proportion of participants with treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during the treatment period · people with newly diagnosed epilepsy Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate vs placebo Seizure frequency · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only Proportion of people achieving 50% or greater reduction in monthly seizure frequency (change from baseline) · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.79 [0.84, 9.24] | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only ADHD symptoms · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only Proportion of people experiencing adverse drug events · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.44, 4.42] | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate vs placebo Proportion of people withdrawing from treatment · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.8 [1.14, 6.89] | 1 study · 33 participants | Moderate |
Osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate vs placebo Seizure severity · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate vs placebo Proportion of people experiencing 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate vs placebo ADHD symptoms · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate vs placebo Proportion of people experiencing adverse drug events · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Moderate |
Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only Seizure frequency (monthly, postintervention) · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only Proportion of individuals withdrawing from treatment · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.12, 3.59] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Omega‐3 (with risperidone and previous ASM) vs risperidone and previous ASM only Seizure severity · people with ADHD and epilepsy Stimulant and non‐stimulant drug therapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gabapentin vs placebo Reduction in seizure frequency of ≥ 50%: primary analysisNumber of seizures reported in seizure diary · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.89 [1.4, 2.55] | 6 studies · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Gabapentin vs placebo Treatment withdrawalNumber of participants withdrawn for any reason · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.74, 1.49] | 6 studies · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Gabapentin vs placebo Adverse effects: ataxiaNumber of participants experiencing ataxia · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 | 3 studies · 787 participants | Low |
Gabapentin vs placebo Adverse effects: dizzinessNumber of participants experiencing dizziness · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.43 | 6 studies · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Gabapentin vs placebo Adverse effects: fatigueNumber of participants experiencing fatigue · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.95 | 5 studies · 1161 participants | Low |
Gabapentin vs placebo Adverse effects: nauseaNumber of participants experiencing nausea · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 | 4 studies · 1034 participants | Moderate |
Gabapentin vs placebo Adverse effects: somnolenceNumber of participants experiencing somnolence · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.93 | 6 studies · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Gabapentin vs placebo Adverse effects: headacheNumber of participants experiencing headache · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Gabapentin add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 | 6 studies · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent oral or rectal diazepam vs placebo or no treatment Recurrent seizure at 6 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.48, 0.85] | 6 studies · 1151 participants | Moderate |
Continuous phenobarbital vs placebo or no treatment Recurrent seizure at 18 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.56, 1.05] | 2 studies · 264 participants | Moderate |
Intermittent oral levetiracetam vs placebo (any antipyretics) Recurrent seizures at 12 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.15, 0.52] | 1 study · 115 participants | Very low |
Intermittent oral levetiracetam vs placebo (any antipyretics) Recurrent seizures at 18 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intermittent oral levetiracetam vs placebo (any antipyretics) Recurrent seizures at 24 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intermittent oral levetiracetam vs placebo (any antipyretics) Recurrent seizures at 36 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intermittent oral levetiracetam vs placebo (any antipyretics) Recurrent seizures at 48 months · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intermittent oral levetiracetam vs placebo (any antipyretics) Recurrent seizures at 60 months or greater · children with febrile seizures Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |