Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

70 questions · 70 findings · 2 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 33 · 47.1%GRADE not reported 2 · 2.9%Very low 19 · 27.1%Low 14 · 20%Moderate 2 · 2.9%High 0 · 0%

INTEGRATED MODELS OF CARE vs usual care

Substance use: any change ‐ Drug use (not in remission) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Integrated models of care showed no clear difference in substance use: any change ‐ Drug use (not in remission) compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in adverse event: Death compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Relapse · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing changes relapse:* Relapse at 3 months after 9 months of treatment compared with standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review