What do systematic reviews say?

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia, absence of pain (clinical testing of… compared with 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  10 minutes post-injection to end of clinical procedure
  OR 0.87 [0.27, 2.83]
  2 studies · 37 participants
  Low

4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine plain changes duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -37.08 [-60.95, -13.21]
  2 studies · 100 participants
  Very low

2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine changes speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -0.44 [-1.66, 0.79]
  4 studies · 92 participants
  Very low

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine may leads to higher speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 3.32 [0.27, 6.37]
  2 studies · 63 participants
  Low

4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine may leads to higher success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.74 [1.16, 2.60]
  2 studies · 78 participants
  Low

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.97 [0.87, 1.08]
  5 studies · 248 participants
  Low

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.19 [-2.06, 2.45]
  2 studies · 40 participants
  Very low

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.80 [0.62, 1.05]
  3 studies · 90 participants
  Low

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine changes speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -0.63 [-1.69, 0.42]
  6 studies · 202 participants
  Very low

4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine plain changes speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.03 [-0.66, 0.71]
  2 studies · 102 participants
  Very low

4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.14 [0.91, 1.43]
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Low

3% prilocaine, 0.03 IU felypressin vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

3% prilocaine, 0.03 IU felypressin probably leads to lower success of local anaesthesia, absence of pain (clinical testing of… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (moderate certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Not reported (estimated < 2 hours)
  RR 0.86 [0.79, 0.95]
  2 studies · 907 participants
  Moderate

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes success of local anaesthesia, absence of pain (clinical testing of… compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  5 minutes post-injection to end of clinical procedure
  RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.02]
  3 studies · 930 participants
  Very low

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.15 [-0.42, 0.73]
  5 studies · 162 participants
  Very low

Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs usual care

• Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Protocol using standard measures such as CVP vs usual care

• Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such

• Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher pulmonary atelectasis (high certainty).

• Nitrous oxide‐based techniques versus nitrous oxide‐free techniques for general anaesthesia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.57 [1.18, 2.1]
  5 studies · 2400 participants
  High

PLMA vs tracheal tube

• Supraglottic airway devices versus tracheal intubation for airway management during general anaesthesia in obese… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 232 participants
  GRADE not reported

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in mortality (0 to 30 days) compared with systemic analgesia (low certainty).

• Epidural analgesia for adults undergoing cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  38 studies · 3418 participants
  Low