What do systematic reviews say?

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/oral misoprostol

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Membrane sweeping for induction of labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Occlusal splint vs Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS)

Occlusal splint showed no clear difference in clicks in TMJ on oral opening and closing compared with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS); GRADE not reported.

• Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.60 [0.19, 1.92]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.00 [0.33, 3.02]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Progestogens vs placebo or no pretreatment

Progestogen showed no clear difference in live birth or ongoing pregnancy (Prog + Ant vs Ant) compared with placebo or no pretreatment (low certainty).

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.67 [0.18, 2.54]
  1 study · 47 participants
  Low
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.35 [0.69, 2.65]
  2 studies · 222 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Progestogens vs placebo or no pretreatment

Progestogen showed no clear difference in pregnancy loss (Prog + Ag vs Ag) compared with placebo or no pretreatment (low certainty).

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.26 [0.67, 7.55]
  2 studies · 222 participants
  Low
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.36 [0.06, 2.09]
  1 study · 47 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Progestogens vs placebo or no pretreatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.05 [0.06, 17.76]
  1 study · 47 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Progestogens vs placebo or no pretreatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen vs no pretreatment

Oestrogen showed no clear difference in live birth or ongoing pregnancy (Oestr + Ant vs Ant) compared with no pretreatment (moderate certainty).

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.79 [0.53, 1.17]
  2 studies · 502 participants
  Moderate
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.51, 1.5]
  2 studies · 242 participants
  Very low

Oestrogen vs no pretreatment

It is very uncertain whether oestrogen changes pregnancy loss (Oestr + Ant vs Ant) compared with no pretreatment (very low certainty).

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.16 [0.02, 1.47]
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.59 [0.62, 4.06]
  1 study · 220 participants
  Very low

Oestrogen vs no pretreatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.24 [0.09, 53.59]
  1 study · 22 participants
  Very low

Oestrogen vs no pretreatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen vs no pretreatment

It is very uncertain whether oestrogen changes OHSS rate (Oestr + Ant vs Ag) compared with no pretreatment (very low certainty).

• Oral contraceptive pill, progestogen or oestrogen pretreatment for ovarian stimulation protocols for women undergoing… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.54 [0.25, 9.42]
  1 study · 220 participants
  Very low

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with… showed no clear difference in live birth per woman compared with gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist) (low certainty).

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.66, 1.27]
  4 studies · 493 participants
  Low

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 136 participants
  Moderate

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1203 participants
  Moderate

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with… showed no clear difference in clinical pregnancy rate per woman compared with gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist) (moderate certainty).

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.86, 1.16]
  12 studies · 1998 participants
  Moderate

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with… may leads to higher cancellation rate per woman compared with gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist) (low certainty).

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.87 [1.43, 2.45]
  9 studies · 1784 participants
  Low

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 1098 participants
  Moderate

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1481 participants
  Moderate

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with or without midcycle antagonist) vs gonadotropins (with GnRH agonists or midcycle antagonist)

Clomiphene citrate or letrozole with or without gonadotropins (with… showed no clear difference in live birth per woman compared with gonadotropins (with GnRH agonist or midcycle antagonist) (low certainty).

• Oral medications including clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins for controlled ovarian… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.49, 2.79]
  2 studies · 357 participants
  Low