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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

59 questions · 61 findings · 3 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 14 · 23%GRADE not reported 6 · 9.8%Very low 18 · 29.5%Low 18 · 29.5%Moderate 5 · 8.2%High 0 · 0%

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Any congenital anomalies · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in congenital anomalies (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid probably leads to lower maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks'… compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid probably leads to higher side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Maternal severe anaemia at any time during 2nd or 3rd trimester (Hb less than 70 g/L) · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid changes maternal severe anaemia at any time during second and third… compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections and others) (ALL) · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid changes infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Low birthweight · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… showed no clear difference in low birthweight (less than 2500 g) compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐infant outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Participants with at least some Side Effects · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… changes side effects (any reported throughout intervention period) compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Maternal clinical malaria or other infection in pregnancy · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… led to lower maternal clinical malaria or other infection in pregnancy compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Birthweight (g) · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… showed no clear difference in birthweight (g) compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐infant outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… showed no clear difference in premature birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐infant outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Neonatal mortality · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… changes neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐infant outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… changes maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks'… compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

Maternal death · Women receiving supplements in pregnancy

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… led to lower maternal death (death while pregnant or within 42 days of… compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review