Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,006 questions · 3,171 findings · 607 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 411 · 13%GRADE not reported 153 · 4.8%Very low 968 · 30.5%Low 897 · 28.3%Moderate 589 · 18.6%High 153 · 4.8%

High vs low dose pegylated interferon alpha‐2a or alpha‐2b

Treatment discontinuation · patients on HD with HCV infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High vs low dose pegylated interferon alpha‐2a or alpha‐2b

Adverse events · patients on HD with HCV infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High vs low dose pegylated interferon alpha‐2a or alpha‐2b

Serious adverse events · patients on HD with HCV infection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High vs low stimulation

50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with focal seizures

High probably leads to higher 50% reduction in seizure frequency (responders) compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.73 [1.13, 2.64]
4 studies · 373 participants
Moderate

High vs low stimulation

Treatment withdrawal · people with focal seizures

High showed no clear difference in withdrawals compared with low stimulation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.56 [0.51, 12.71]
4 studies · 375 participants
Low

High vs low stimulation

Voice Alteration or Hoarseness · people with focal seizures

High probably leads to higher voice alteration or hoarseness compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.17 [1.49, 3.17]
3 studies · 330 participants
Moderate

High vs low stimulation

Cough · people with focal seizures

High showed no clear difference in cough compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.09 [0.74, 1.62]
3 studies · 334 participants
Moderate

High vs low stimulation

Dyspnea · people with focal seizures

High may leads to higher dyspnoea compared with low stimulation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.45 [1.07, 5.6]
2 studies · 312 participants
Low

High vs low stimulation

Pain · people with focal seizures

High showed no clear difference in pain compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.6, 1.68]
2 studies · 312 participants
Moderate

High vs low stimulation

Paraesthesia · people with focal seizures

High showed no clear difference in paraesthesias compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.39, 1.53]
2 studies · 312 participants
Moderate

High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low long‐chain omega‐3 fats (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01]
45 studies · 143693 participants
High

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.2]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality – cardiovascular deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]
4 studies · 18619 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular events · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in cardiovascular events compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.07]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.26]
3 studies · 18353 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

CHD events · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease events compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.82, 1.22]
4 studies · 19061 participants
Low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Stroke · adults with or without existing CVD

It is very uncertain whether high changes stroke compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.66, 2.01]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Very low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Arrhythmias · adults with or without existing CVD

High probably leads to lower arrhythmias compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.97]
2 studies · 4912 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Harms: bleeding · adults with or without existing CVD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Harms: pulmonary embolus or DVT · adults with or without existing CVD

It is very uncertain whether high changes harms: pulmonary embolus or DVT compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.8]
1 study · 708 participants
Very low