What do systematic reviews say?

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing at least one exacerbation compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

• Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.58, 1.28]
  2 studies · 485 participants
  Very low

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 417 participants
  Low

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 1470 participants
  Low

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 89 participants
  GRADE not reported

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 855 participants
  Moderate

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 285 participants
  Low

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 497 participants
  Low

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower mortality compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.76]
  12 studies · 854 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower need for endotracheal intubation compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.28, 0.46]
  17 studies · 1105 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 888 participants
  Moderate

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 4229 participants
  Moderate

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 775 participants
  High

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1469 participants
  Moderate

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 700 participants
  Moderate

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 7514 participants
  Moderate

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  18 studies · 18400 participants
  Low

Non‐medical prescribing vs medical prescribing

• Non‐medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 4631 participants
  Moderate

Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 913 participants
  Low

Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 687 participants
  Low

Educational interventions and self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 3848 participants
  Low