Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

85 questions · 89 findings · 9 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

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No studies found 26 · 29.2%GRADE not reported 10 · 11.2%Very low 22 · 24.7%Low 22 · 24.7%Moderate 8 · 9%High 1 · 1.1%

CBT vs non‐pharmacological intervention

ADHD symptoms: self‐reported Assessed by: various scales · adults with ADHD (available evidence for participants aged between 25 to 53 years old)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 156 participants
Low

Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control

Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years

1 finding from 1 review

Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 270 participants
Very low

Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training

Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years

1 finding from 1 review

Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 203 participants
Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural therapy plus pharmacotherapy vs pharmacotherapy alone

ADHD symptom severity: clinician rated · adults with ADHD (available evidence for participants aged between 25 to 53 years old)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 65 participants
Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural therapy plus pharmacotherapy vs pharmacotherapy alone

ADHD symptoms: self‐reported Assessed by: various scales · adults with ADHD (available evidence for participants aged between 25 to 53 years old)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 66 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment

Mental state: Common Mental Disorder (CMD) – at 6 months (Analysis 2.2.1) (CMD) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support showed no clear difference in mental state: Common Mental Disorder (CMD) – at 6 months (Analysis… compared with treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.44 [0.83, 2.49]
1 study · 215 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment

Quality of life ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment

Cost of service utilisation · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 225 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment

Aggressive behaviour: Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC) Total – at 6 months (Analysis 2.1.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 275 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment

Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment

Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

School achievement: Reading · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 284 participants
Low

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

School achievement: Additional educational support needs · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

Cognitive function: Composite executive functions · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

Cognitive function: Inhibition control · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 110 participants
Low

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

Adverse events · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

School achievement: Average achievement across subjects taught at school · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Low

Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice

School achievement: Mathematics · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight

1 finding from 1 review

Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 384 participants
Very low

CBT vs control

Pain (medium term): using VAS (range 0 to 10); higher values indicate worse pain · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 301 participants
Low

Group‐based parent training programmes vs control

Externalising problems (parent report) Scales used: CBCL, ECBI postintervention · young children

Group‐based parent training programmes showed no clear difference in externalising problems (parent report) Scales used: CBCL, ECBI… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group‐based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 989 participants
Moderate