Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).
Continuous CTG probably leads to lower neonatal seizures compared with intermittent auscultation (moderate certainty).
Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in cerebral palsy compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).
Continuous CTG may leads to higher caesarean section compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).
Continuous CTG may leads to higher instrumental vaginal birth compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether continuous CTG changes cord blood acidosis compared with intermittent auscultation (very low certainty).
Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in any pharmacological analgesia compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).
Routine/revealed probably leads to higher detection of fetal abnormality before 24 weeks' gestation compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Routine/revealed probably leads to lower detection of multiple pregnancy by 24 to 26 weeks' gestation (number… compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Routine/revealed may leads to lower induction of labour for 'post‐term' pregnancy compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (low certainty).
Routine/revealed showed no clear difference in perinatal death (all babies) compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (low certainty).
Bishop score showed no clear difference in vaginal birth compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Bishop score showed no clear difference in caesarean delivery compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Bishop score showed no clear difference in neonatal admission to NICU compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Bishop score probably leads to lower need of misoprostol for cervical ripening compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Bishop score showed no clear difference in meconium staining of amniotic fluid compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Bishop score showed no clear difference in apgar score at 5 minutes less than 7 compared with transvaginal ultrasound (moderate certainty).
Bishop score showed no clear difference in fetal heart rate abnormality in labour compared with transvaginal ultrasound; GRADE not reported.
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes preterm birth < 34 weeks (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes preterm birth < 37 weeks (very low certainty).