Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

57 questions · 57 findings · 20 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 8 · 14%GRADE not reported 11 · 19.3%Very low 23 · 40.4%Low 10 · 17.5%Moderate 4 · 7%High 1 · 1.8%

Levomepromazine vs atypical antipsychotics

Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia

Levomepromazine showed no clear difference in leaving the study early ‐ short term ‐ any reason compared with atypical antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs OLANZAPINE

Leaving the study early · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

It is very uncertain whether RISPERIDONE changes leaving study early: any reason compared with OLANZAPINE ‒ short‐ and long‐term data (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs QUETIAPINE

Leaving the study early · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

RISPERIDONE showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: 1. any reason, long term (>12 months) compared with QUETIAPINE ‒ short‐ and long‐term data (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs ZIPRASIDONE ‒ long‐term data (> 12 months)

Leaving the study early · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

RISPERIDONE showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: any reason compared with ZIPRASIDONE ‒ long‐term data (> 12 months) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE ‐ all data short term

Adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term (up to 6 months) · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

It is very uncertain whether RISPERIDONE changes adverse effects. 1. Movement disorders ‐ any extrapyramidal compared with CLOZAPINE ‐ all data short term (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE vs CLOZAPINE ‐ all data short term

Leaving the study early · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

It is very uncertain whether RISPERIDONE changes leaving the study early ‒ any reason compared with CLOZAPINE ‐ all data short term (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs antipsychotics

Adverse events: extrapyramidal adverse effects ‐ dystonia ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether PERPHENAZINE changes adverse events: extrapyramidal adverse effects dystonia ‐ short term compared with ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs antipsychotics

Service use and hospitalisation: admission ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs antipsychotics

Global state: Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration ‐ short and medium term as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether PERPHENAZINE changes global state: Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration ‐ short… compared with ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs antipsychotics

Mental state: State ‐ 'no effect' BPRS score reduction · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether PERPHENAZINE changes mental state: State ‐ 'no effect' BPRS score reduction compared with ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review