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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

696 questions · 700 findings · 53 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 107 · 15.3%GRADE not reported 151 · 21.6%Very low 144 · 20.6%Low 178 · 25.4%Moderate 97 · 13.9%High 23 · 3.3%

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

All‐cause mortality (within 30‐days after surgery: any reported death) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (within 30‐days after surgery: any reported death) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

Myocardial infarction (within 30‐days after surgery: sudden death or death resulting from a primarily identifiable cardiac cause) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction (within 30‐days after surgery: sudden death or… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

Cerebrovascular events—non‐cardiac surgery · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in cerebrovascular events—non‐cardiac surgery compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

Ventricular arrhythmias—non‐cardiac surgery ECG · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in ventricular arrhythmias—non‐cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

All supraventricular arrhythmias—non‐cardiac surgery ECG · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker leads to lower all supraventricular arrhythmias—non‐cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

Bradycardia—non‐cardiac surgery ECG · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker probably leads to higher bradycardia—non‐cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Acute myocardial infarction—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in acute myocardial infarction—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Ventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker probably leads to lower ventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All supraventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker leads to lower all supraventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

All‐cause mortality (30 days)—non‐cardiac surgery · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (30 days)—non‐cardiac surgery compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—non‐cardiac surgery

Acute myocardial infarction—non‐cardiac surgery · patients with conditions requiring non‐cardiac surgery

Beta‐blocker leads to lower acute myocardial infarction—non‐cardiac surgery compared with control—non‐cardiac surgery (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia vs conventional pain control

Persistent pain 3 to 18 months after thoracotomy (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient interview between 3 to 18 m... · Patients undergoing thoracotomy

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia probably leads to lower persistent pain 3 to 18 months after thoracotomy (We defined… compared with conventional pain control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review