Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

567 questions · 573 findings · 37 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 89 · 15.5%GRADE not reported 156 · 27.2%Very low 140 · 24.4%Low 127 · 22.2%Moderate 47 · 8.2%High 14 · 2.4%

Lidocaine vs placebo

Incidence of pain with lidocaine pretreatment Pain scales · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

Lidocaine may leads to lower pain ‐ lidocaine compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.23 [0.17, 0.31]
29 studies · 2256 participants
Low

Fentanyl vs placebo

Pain ‐ fentanyl · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

Fentanyl may leads to lower pain ‐ fentanyl compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.42 [0.26, 0.7]
7 studies · 514 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs placebo

Pain ‐ remifentanil · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

Remifentanil may leads to lower pain ‐ remifentanil compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.1 [0.04, 0.26]
7 studies · 494 participants
Low

Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control

Breath holding · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

It is very uncertain whether adverse effects of pharmacological intervention changes breath holding compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.12, 11.65]
2 studies · 279 participants
Very low

Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control

Chest tightness · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

It is very uncertain whether adverse effects of pharmacological intervention changes chest tightness compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.61 [0.12, 56.03]
1 study · 90 participants
Very low

Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control

Cough · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention may leads to higher cough compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 9 [2.77, 29.29]
5 studies · 529 participants
Low

Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention vs control

Adverse effects: pain on injection (solution deposition), Heft-Parker VAS 0-170 mm · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia including the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide

Adverse effects of pharmacological intervention showed no clear difference in pain on injection compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions for reducing rocuronium bromide induced pain on injection in… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.09, 2.46]
1 study · 118 participants
Low