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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,653 questions in 194 reviews · Gynaecology and Fertility
current versionsNo studies 531 · 20%Ungraded 76 · 2.9%Very low 826 · 31.1%Low 855 · 32.2%Moderate 341 · 12.9%High 24 · 0.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Gonadotrophins vs continued clomiphene citrate Live birth rate per woman · anovulatory women with clomiphene citrate‐failure Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.05, 1.46] | 1 study · 661 participants | Moderate |
Gonadotrophins vs continued clomiphene citrate Incidence of multiple pregnancy per woman · anovulatory women with clomiphene citrate‐failure Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.33, 2.4] | 1 study · 661 participants | Moderate |
Gonadotrophins vs continued clomiphene citrate Clinical pregnancy rate per woman · anovulatory women with clomiphene citrate‐failure Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [1.13, 1.52] | 1 study · 661 participants | Moderate |
Gonadotrophins vs continued clomiphene citrate Miscarriages per woman · anovulatory women with clomiphene citrate‐failure Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.23 [1.11, 4.47] | 1 study · 661 participants | Low |
Gonadotrophins vs continued clomiphene citrate Incidence of OHSS per woman · anovulatory women with clomiphene citrate‐failure Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 661 participants | Low |
Recombinant follicle stimulating hormone vs urinary‐derived gonadotrophins Incidence of multiple pregnancy (per woman) · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.46, 1.61] | 8 studies · 1368 participants | Low |
Recombinant follicle stimulating hormone vs urinary‐derived gonadotrophins Clinical pregnancy rate per woman · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.88, 1.27] | 8 studies · 1330 participants | Low |
Recombinant follicle stimulating hormone vs urinary‐derived gonadotrophins Miscarriage rate per woman · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.71, 2.04] | 7 studies · 970 participants | Low |
Recombinant follicle stimulating hormone vs urinary‐derived gonadotrophins Incidence of OHSS per woman · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.82, 2.65] | 10 studies · 1565 participants | Very low |
Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone Live birth rate per woman · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.65, 2.52] | 3 studies · 138 participants | Very low |
Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone Incidence of multiple pregnancy (per woman) · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.51, 8.91] | 4 studies · 161 participants | Very low |
Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone Clinical pregnancy rate per woman · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.66, 2.59] | 3 studies · 102 participants | Very low |
Human menopausal gonadotrophin or highly purified human menopausal gonadotrophin vs urinary follicle stimulating hormone Miscarriage rate per woman · women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction Gonadotrophins for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.06, 1.97] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Very low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs ICSI Live birth per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.97, 1.23] | 2 studies · 2903 participants | Low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs ICSI Miscarriage per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.16, 5.63] | 2 studies · 150 participants | Very low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs ICSI Miscarriage per clinical pregnancy · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.09, 2.82] | 2 studies · 53 participants | Very low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs ICSI Clinical pregnancy per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.84, 1.31] | 3 studies · 413 participants | Very low |
Zeta sperm selection vs ICSI Live birth per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.48 [1.34, 4.56] | 1 study · 203 participants | Very low |
Zeta sperm selection vs ICSI Miscarriage per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.16, 3.37] | 1 study · 203 participants | Very low |
Zeta sperm selection vs ICSI Miscarriage per clinical pregnancy · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.1, 1.68] | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Zeta sperm selection vs ICSI Clinical pregnancy per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [1.2, 2.75] | 1 study · 203 participants | Very low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) Miscarriage per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.1, 23.35] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) Miscarriage per clinical pregnancy · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.07, 15.64] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) Clinical pregnancy per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.91, 2.27] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs ICSI Miscarriage per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.45, 0.83] | 3 studies · 3005 participants | Low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs ICSI Miscarriage per clinical pregnancy · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.46, 0.82] | 3 studies · 1065 participants | Low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs ICSI Clinical pregnancy per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.92, 1.09] | 4 studies · 3492 participants | Low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs viscous medium containing HA (SpermSlow) Live birth per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.64, 2.01] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs viscous medium containing HA (SpermSlow) Miscarriage per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.23, 2.81] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs viscous medium containing HA (SpermSlow) Miscarriage per clinical pregnancy · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.24, 2.44] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Hyaluronic acid‐selected sperm (HA‐ICSI) vs viscous medium containing HA (SpermSlow) Clinical pregnancy per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.66, 1.68] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) vs ICSI Live birth per woman randomly assigned · assisted reproduction Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.95 [0.89, 4.29] | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Thyroxine vs placebo or no treatment Live birth rate – euthyroid women with anti‐TPO antibodies · subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism Thyroxine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.83, 1.29] | 2 studies · 686 participants | Low |
Thyroxine vs placebo or no treatment Adverse events including maternal pregnancy complications, foetal complications and adverse effects of thyroxine · subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism Thyroxine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Thyroxine vs placebo or no treatment Miscarriage – anti‐TPO antibodies · subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism Thyroxine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid autoimmune thyroid disease or subclinical… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.47, 1.46] | 2 studies · 686 participants | Low |
Specific technique vs standard technique Incidence of STP at 24 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.41, 1.82] | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Intraperitoneal drain vs no intraperitoneal drain Severity of STP at 24 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 320 participants | Very low |
Intraperitoneal drain vs no intraperitoneal drain Adverse events · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intraperitoneal drain vs no intraperitoneal drain Analgesia usage within 48 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 253 participants | Low |
Subdiaphragmatic intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Incidence of STP at 24 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.42, 1.23] | 4 studies · 336 participants | Moderate |
Subdiaphragmatic intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Severity of STP at 24 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Subdiaphragmatic intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Adverse events · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 165 participants | Ungraded |
Subdiaphragmatic intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Analgesia usage within 24‐48 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Local anaesthetic to peritoneal cavity (not subdiaphragmatic) vs control Incidence of STP within 4‐8 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic procedures Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.23 [0.06, 0.93] | 2 studies · 157 participants | Low |
Local anaesthetic to peritoneal cavity (not subdiaphragmatic) vs control Severity of STP · women undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic procedures Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Local anaesthetic to peritoneal cavity (not subdiaphragmatic) vs control Adverse events · women undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic procedures Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specific technique vs standard technique Severity of STP at 24 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing a diagnostic or operative laparoscopic gynaecological procedure Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 670 participants | Low |
Local anaesthetic to peritoneal cavity (not subdiaphragmatic) vs control Analgesia usage · women undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic procedures Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Warmed, or warmed and humidified CO2 vs unwarmed and unhumidified CO2 Incidence of STP within 24‐48 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic procedures Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.81 [0.45, 1.49] | 2 studies · 194 participants | Low |
Warmed, or warmed and humidified CO2 vs unwarmed and unhumidified CO2 Severity of STP at 24 hours post‐operatively · women undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic procedures Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 157 participants | Moderate |