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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,938 questions · 1,994 findings · 246 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 490 · 24.6%GRADE not reported 71 · 3.6%Very low 669 · 33.6%Low 446 · 22.4%Moderate 264 · 13.2%High 54 · 2.7%

Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block

Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block

Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block

Pain with aspiration – local anaesthetica,b,d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation (Glantz 2001)
1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block

Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation (Glantz 2001)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block

Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an early pregnancy loss)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review