Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

539 questions · 553 findings · 58 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 37 · 6.7%GRADE not reported 8 · 1.4%Very low 27 · 4.9%Low 161 · 29.1%Moderate 219 · 39.6%High 101 · 18.3%

Intervention not reported

Change from baseline in Periostin (ng/mL) · children and adults with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2106 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Percentage reduction from baseline in maintenance OCS dose · children and adults with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 350 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Post hoc exploratory endpoint: Exacerbation requiring hospitalisation/ED/OCS (rate ratio) · children and adults with asthma

The intervention may leads to lower post hoc exploratory endpoint: Exacerbation requiring… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.71 [0.65, 0.77]
7 studies · 6998 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Change from baseline in pre‐bronchodilator FEV1 · children and adults with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 4829 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Change from baseline in FENO (ppb) · children and adults with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐interleukin‐13 and anti‐interleukin‐4 agents versus placebo, anti‐interleukin‐5 or anti‐immunoglobulin‐E agents,… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 3577 participants
Moderate

Alteplase vs urokinase

Referral for thoracic surgery (open or thorascopic) · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Alteplase showed no clear difference in referral for thoracic surgery (open or thorascopic) compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.46 [0.04, 5.24]
1 study · 99 participants
Low

Alteplase vs urokinase

Overall treatment failure, including mortality, thoracic surgery or referral for further fibrinolytic therapy · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Alteplase showed no clear difference in overall treatment failure, including mortality, thoracic surgery or… compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.02 [0.89, 10.27]
1 study · 99 participants
Low

Alteplase vs urokinase

Serious adverse events · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Alteplase may leads to higher serious adverse events compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 5.61 [1.16, 27.11]
1 study · 99 participants
Low

Streptokinase vs urokinase

All‐cause mortality · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Streptokinase showed no clear difference in mortality compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.32 [0.01, 8.25]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Streptokinase vs urokinase

Referral for thoracic surgery (open or thorascopic) · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Streptokinase showed no clear difference in referral for thoracic surgery (open or thorascopic) compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.13, 7.72]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Streptokinase vs urokinase

Overall treatment failure, including mortality, thoracic surgery or referral for further fibrinolytic therapy · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Streptokinase showed no clear difference in overall treatment failure, including mortality, thoracic surgery or… compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.13, 7.72]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Streptokinase vs urokinase

Serious adverse events · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Streptokinase showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 5.43 [0.25, 118.96]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Alteplase vs urokinase

All‐cause mortality · adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema

Alteplase showed no clear difference in mortality compared with urokinase (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intra‐pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.18, 4.89]
1 study · 99 participants
Low

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing at least 1 exacerbation… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.07 [0.86, 1.33]
2 studies · 1869 participants
Moderate

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Serious adverse events Adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Adverse events compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.02 [0.79, 1.32]
4 studies · 3266 participants
Moderate

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Mortality Deaths · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in mortality Deaths compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.31, 3.28]
4 studies · 3266 participants
Moderate

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

FEV1 · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 2708 participants
High

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant improvement (≥ 4 units) in SGRQ total score · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.07 [0.87, 1.32]
2 studies · 1520 participants
Moderate

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in… compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.11 [0.94, 1.32]
3 studies · 2536 participants
Moderate