Salivary flow rate (unstimulated) · Elderly (>60 years) and medically compromised adults with xerostomia / dry mouth
In elderly and medically compromised people with xerostomia, chewing sugar-free gum daily for two or more weeks produces a small but statistically significant increase in unstimulated whole salivary flow rate versus no gum (SMD 0.44, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.66); certainty of evidence was not formally graded.
1 finding from 1 review
Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · healthy adults participating in recreational running
Neutral / cushioned showed no clear difference in number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( compared with minimalist running shoes (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · healthy adults participating in recreational running
Soft may leads to lower number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( compared with hard running shoes (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of lower‐limb running injuries · healthy adults participating in recreational running
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of lower‐limb running injuries · healthy adults participating in recreational running
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · military personnel
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · healthy adults participating in recreational running
It is very uncertain whether motion control changes number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( compared with neutral / cushioned running shoes (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of lower‐limb running injuries · healthy adults participating in recreational running
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Prevalence of CMDs ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Diagnosis defined by SRQ‐20 > 7b; PHQ‐9 ≥ 11d (RR < 1 denotes lower prevalence compared to control) · adults with common mental disorders
Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions may leads to lower prevalence of CMDs ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post… compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Prevalence of PTSD · adults with post‐traumatic stress and CMDs
It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led psychological interventions changes prevalence of PTSD ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months) Diagnosis… compared with usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Prevalence of adults with probable PTSD (1 to 6 months post intervention) Diagnosis defined by HTQ ≥ 1.75 (RR > 1 denotes lower prevalence compared to control) · adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders
Primary health professional‐led psychological interventions may leads to higher prevalence of adults with probable PTSD (1 to 6 months post… compared with usual or no care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Anxiety and depression · adults with post‐traumatic stress or common mental disorders
Primary health professional‐led psychological interventions may leads to higher prevalence of adults with probable depression or anxiety (1 to 6… compared with usual or no care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Prevalence of methamphetamine use (1 to 6 months post intervention) (RR < 1 denotes lower prevalence compared to control) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use
Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful… showed no clear difference in prevalence of methamphetamine use (1 to 6 months post intervention)… compared with enhanced usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Service utilisation ‐ unplanned hospitalisations (1 to 6 months post intervention) (RR < 1 denotes lower risk) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use
It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful… changes service utilisation ‐ unplanned hospitalisations (1 to 6 months post… compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk of death) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use
It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful… changes adverse events ‐ deaths (RR < 1 denotes lower risk) compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cannabis use · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use
It is very uncertain whether primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led… changes prevalence of cannabis use (1 to 6 months post intervention) (RR < 1… compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events RR < 1 indicates lower risk of adverse events · adults with common mental disorders
Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions may leads to lower adverse events RR < 1 indicates lower risk of adverse events compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Functional impairment · people with severe mental disorders
1 finding from 1 review
Prevalence of CMD ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post intervention) Diagnosis defined by presence of ICD‐10 diagnosis on CIS‐Rg; prevalence defined by [Total number ‐ number recovered (recovery defined by HDRS < 8)]c (RR < 1 denotes lower prev... · adults with common mental disorders
Primary‐level worker‐led collaborative care showed no clear difference in prevalence of CMD ‐ intermediate term (1 to 6 months post… compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Comfort · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
2 findings from 1 review