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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders
current versionsNo studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Wake time after sleep onset Participant reports. Scale from: 30 to 540 minutes; fewer minutes equalled better outcome; CFB and double‐blind average values included · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2295 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Rebound insomnia ‐ sleep onset latency Scale from: 0 to 540 minutes. · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 291 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Rebound insomnia ‐ wake time after sleep onset Scale from: 0 to 540 minutes. · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 291 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total sleep time Participant reports. Scale from: 300 to 840; more minutes equalled better outcome; CFB and double‐blind average values included · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2935 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Next‐day alertness Participant reports. Scale from: 0 to 10 points; higher scores equalled better outcome; CFB and double‐blind average values included · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 2061 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events (as defined in the primary study) Participant reports. Serious adverse events observed during double‐blind treatment period · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 4289 participants | Moderate |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Subjective measures of sleep (quality, duration, sleep onset latency, nocturnal awakenings, sleep, efficiency) (HAM‐D sleep subscale or PSQI at 6 or 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 135 participants | Low |
'Other' antidepressants vs placebo Subjective measure of sleep quality (PSQI, visual analogue scale or subjective rating of sleep at 6 months or 2 weeks or 7 days) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 370 participants | Moderate |
'Other' antidepressants vs placebo Adverse events · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 217 participants | Low |
'Other' antidepressants vs placebo PSG sleep outcomes: sleep efficiency (at 1 week and 4 weeks · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 169 participants | Low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Other subjective measures of sleep (total sleep time, sleep onset latency, nocturnal awakenings and subjective sleep efficiency) (PSQI) (at 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Adverse events (at 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo PSG sleep outcomes (at 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Subjective measure of sleep quality (ISI, PSQI) (at 4, 6 or 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 518 participants | Moderate |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Adverse events (at 4, 6 or 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.86, 1.21] | 6 studies · 812 participants | Low |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo PSG sleep outcomes: sleep latency (at 4 and 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 510 participants | Moderate |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo PSG sleep outcomes: sleep efficiency (at 4 and 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 510 participants | Moderate |
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo PSG sleep outcomes: total sleep time (at 4 and 12 weeks) · adults with insomnia Antidepressants for insomnia in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 510 participants | Moderate |
Client feedback vs no client feedback Improvement: as reported by youth at postintervention · children and adolescents, 11 to 18 years old, with mental health problems Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 359 participants | Very low |
Client feedback vs no client feedback Treatment acceptability: dropouts from treatment · children and adolescents, 11 to 18 years old, with mental health problems Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.73, 1.61] | 2 studies · 237 participants | Very low |
Client feedback vs no client feedback Therapeutic alliance: as reported by youth at postintervention · children and adolescents, 11 to 18 years old, with mental health problems Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 309 participants | Very low |
Client feedback vs no client feedback Clients' psychosocial functioning · children and adolescents, 11 to 18 years old, with mental health problems Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Client feedback vs no client feedback Duration of treatment · children and adolescents, 11 to 18 years old, with mental health problems Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 593 participants | Moderate |
Psychological therapy vs control Post‐traumatic stress disorder at endpoint ( · adults exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1272 participants | Low |
Psychological therapy vs control Somatic symptoms and related disorders · children exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Psychological therapy vs control Depression at endpoint ( · adults exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1254 participants | Low |
Psychological therapy vs control Anxiety at endpoint ( · adults exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 694 participants | Low |
Psychological therapy vs control Dropouts for any reason · adults exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.16] | 23 studies · 2950 participants | Moderate |
Psychological therapy vs control Somatic symptoms and related disorders · adults exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Psychological therapy vs control Post‐traumatic stress disorder at endpoint ( · children exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapy vs control Depression at endpoint · children exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Psychological therapy vs control Anxiety at endpoint · children exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Psychological therapy vs control Dropouts for any reason · children exposed to traumatic events Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low‐ and middle‐income countries affected… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.87 [0.47, 7.47] | 3 studies · 138 participants | Low |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Change in depressive symptoms · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Change in quality of life · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Change in dyspnoea · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Change in FEV1 (l) · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Change in exercise tolerance measured using a 6‐minute walk test; · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Change in hospital utilisation ‐ not measured · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Adverse events (disease‐related: all physical symptoms); · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Change in quality of life · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Change in dyspnoea · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Change in FEV1 (l) · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Change in exercise tolerance ‐ not reported · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Tricylic antidepressant vs placebo Change in hospital utilisation ‐ not measured · COPD with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Mean difference in depressive symptoms (from baseline to end of · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor vs placebo Adverse events (nausea, dizziness) · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 171 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapy vs any comparator Treatment efficacy: depression short‐term · anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical conditions Psychological therapies for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1121 participants | Low |
Psychological therapy vs any comparator Treatment efficacy: anxiety short‐term · anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical conditions Psychological therapies for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 578 participants | Moderate |
Psychological therapy vs any comparator Quality of life short‐term · anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical conditions Psychological therapies for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with long‐term physical… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 464 participants | Low |