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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,653 questions in 194 reviews · Gynaecology and Fertility
current versionsNo studies 531 · 20%Ungraded 76 · 2.9%Very low 826 · 31.1%Low 855 · 32.2%Moderate 341 · 12.9%High 24 · 0.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
NSAIDs vs progesterone‐releasing intrauterine system (control) MBL (mL/cycle) · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs placebo (control) Proportion of women with no subjective improvement in MBL · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.08 [0.03, 0.18] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs progesterone‐releasing intrauterine system (control) Number of days' bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs progesterone‐releasing intrauterine system (control) Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs oral contraceptive pill (control) MBL (mL/cycle) · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs oral contraceptive pill (control) Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs oral contraceptive pill (control) Days of bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mefenamic acid vs naproxen MBL (mL/cycle) · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 61 participants | Low |
Mefenamic acid vs naproxen Number of days' bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Low |
Mefenamic acid vs naproxen Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo (control) Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo (control) Number of days' bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs tranexamic acid (control) MBL (mL/cycle) alkaline haematin method · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs tranexamic acid (control) Proportion of women with no subjective improvement in MBL · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.44 [0.45, 4.61] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs tranexamic acid (control) Number of days' bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs tranexamic acid (control) Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs ethamsylate (control) MBL at Rx (mL/cycle) · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Moderate |
Progestogen therapy (luteal phase only) vs other medical therapy Menstrual blood loss · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Adverse effect Headache · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.45 [0.4, 5.31] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Low |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Adverse effect Breakthrough bleeding/spotting · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.18 [0.06, 0.55] | 3 studies · 220 participants | Low |
Progestogen therapy (luteal phase only) vs other medical therapy Satisfaction · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.17, 3.8] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Progestogen therapy (luteal phase only) vs other medical therapy Days of bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 171 participants | Very low |
Progestogen therapy (luteal phase only) vs other medical therapy Quality of life Physical functioning · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Progestogen therapy (luteal phase only) vs other medical therapy Total adverse effects · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.68 [0.36, 1.28] | 5 studies · 197 participants | Very low |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Menstrual blood loss PBAC after 3 months · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 355 participants | Very low |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Menstrual blood loss PBAC after 6 months · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 76 participants | Low |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Satisfaction · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.31 [0.13, 0.71] | 1 study · 95 participants | Low |
Progestogen therapy long cycle (3 to 4 weeks) vs other medical therapy Days of bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding Cyclical progestogens for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Overall analyses: second‐generation endometrial ablation vs first‐generation endometrial ablation Bleeding · heavy menstrual bleeding Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.78, 1.27] | 12 studies · 2145 participants | Very low |
Overall analyses: second‐generation endometrial ablation vs first‐generation endometrial ablation Satisfaction rate · heavy menstrual bleeding Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | 11 studies · 1750 participants | Low |
Overall analyses: second‐generation endometrial ablation vs first‐generation endometrial ablation Duration of operation (minutes) · heavy menstrual bleeding Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1822 participants | Very low |
Overall analyses: second‐generation endometrial ablation vs first‐generation endometrial ablation Proportion given local anaesthesia (%) · heavy menstrual bleeding Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.78 [1.76, 4.4] | 6 studies · 1434 participants | Very low |
Overall analyses: second‐generation endometrial ablation vs first‐generation endometrial ablation Complication rate ‐ perforation · heavy menstrual bleeding Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.1, 1.01] | 8 studies · 1885 participants | Low |
Overall analyses: second‐generation endometrial ablation vs first‐generation endometrial ablation Requirement for additional surgery · heavy menstrual bleeding Endometrial resection and ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.41, 1.26] | 6 studies · 935 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no treatment Menstrual pain intensity, measured by various outcome measures including VAS, MPQ and NRS at the end of the intervention Lower scores indicate less intense menstrual pain · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 632 participants | Low |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Overall menstrual symptoms ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Use of rescue analgesic medication assessed by: number of women who took rescue/additional analgesics during the last cycle Greater numbers indicate more women needed additional analgesics · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [1.21, 2.6] | 1 study · 122 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Restriction of daily life activities ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Absence from work or school · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.49, 2.03] | 1 study · 122 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Quality of life ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs no treatment Adverse events · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs no treatment Overall menstrual symptoms , measured by the MMDQ at the end of the intervention. Lower scores indicates lower menstrual symptom severity · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs no treatment Use of rescue analgesic medication ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs no treatment Restriction of daily life activities ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs no treatment Absence from work or school ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exercise vs no treatment Quality of life, · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Menstrual pain intensity, measured by 100 mm VAS at the end of the intervention Higher scores indicate greater reductions in pain intensity from baseline · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 122 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Adverse events ‐ not reported · young women with suspected primary dysmenorrhoea Exercise for dysmenorrhoea (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Swim‐up technique vs gradient technique Live birth rate per couple · patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (fresh semen) Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |