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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders

current versions

No studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Antidepressant vs placebo Quality of life score at 8 weeks · adults living with HIV and depression Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 87 participants	Very low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) vs tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) Improvement in depression: HAM‐D score at 6‐12 weeks (continuous) · adults living with HIV and depression Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 14 participants	Very low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) vs tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) Improvement in depression at 6‐12 weeks: HAM‐D score (dichotomized) · adults living with HIV and depression Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.54, 1.46]	2 studies · 64 participants	Very low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) vs tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) Improvement in depression at 6‐12 weeks: CGI‐I (score of 1 or 2) · adults living with HIV and depression Antidepressants for depression in adults with HIV infection (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.24 [0.68, 2.24]	2 studies · 64 participants	Very low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Self‐reported depressive symptoms short term (up to 6 months) ‐ BDI (BDI) · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 575 participants	Moderate
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Self (patient)‐reported depressive symptoms long term (longer than 12 months) ‐ BDI · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 248 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Observer‐rated depressive symptoms long term (longer than 12 months) ‐ PHQ‐9 · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 252 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Dropout medium term (7 to 12 months)* · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.66, 1.47]	2 studies · 549 participants	Moderate
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Dropout long term (longer than 12 months)* · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.66, 0.97]	1 study · 469 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Response (50% reduction in BDI) medium term (7 to 12 months)* · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.73 [1.42, 2.1]	2 studies · 475 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Response (50% reduction in BDI) long term (longer than 12 months)* · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.62 [1.13, 2.32]	1 study · 248 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Remission (< 7 on HAMD or < 10 on BDI) medium term (7 to 12 months)* · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.97 [1.51, 2.56]	2 studies · 475 participants	Moderate
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Remission (< 7 on HAMD or < 10 on BDI) long term (longer than 12 months)* · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.56 [0.97, 2.53]	1 study · 248 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Self‐reported depressive symptoms short term (up to 6 months) ‐ SMD (BDI & PHQ9) · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 635 participants	Moderate
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Observer‐rated depressive symptoms short term (up to 6 months) ‐ PHQ‐9 · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 482 participants	Moderate
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Observer‐rated depressive symptoms short term (up to 6 months) ‐ HAMD · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 193 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Dropout short term (up to 6 months) · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.58, 1.24]	6 studies · 698 participants	High
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Response (50% reduction in depressive symptoms from baseline) short term (up to 6 months) · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.8 [1.2, 2.69]	4 studies · 556 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Remission (< 7 on HAMD or < 10 on BDI) short term (up to 6 months) · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.92 [1.46, 2.52]	6 studies · 635 participants	Moderate
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Self‐reported depressive symptoms medium term (7 to 12 months) ‐ BDI · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 475 participants	Low
Psychotherapy as an adjunct to usual care vs usual care alone Observer‐rated depressive symptoms medium term (7 to 12 months) ‐ PHQ‐9 · adults with treatment‐resistant depression Psychological therapies for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 395 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs placebo Outcomes (2‐6 months post‐treatment) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.74 [0.63, 0.86]	17 studies · 1906 participants	Moderate
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.82 [0.69, 0.99]	8 studies · 1294 participants	Low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 1247 participants	Moderate
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ mean change (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 70 participants	Very low
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.97 [1.33, 2.91]	10 studies · 1641 participants	Moderate
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Outcomes (2‐6 months post‐treatment) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.67, 0.84]	21 studies · 4000 participants	Low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.09]	23 studies · 4302 participants	Moderate
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.75, 0.88]	16 studies · 3339 participants	Moderate
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 1625 participants	Moderate
Antidepressants vs placebo Failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.66, 0.79]	30 studies · 6500 participants	Low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ mean change (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 1255 participants	Moderate
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.45 [1.16, 1.81]	22 studies · 4131 participants	Moderate
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Outcomes (2‐6 months post‐treatment) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.61 [0.41, 0.91]	4 studies · 1531 participants	Low
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26]	4 studies · 1531 participants	Moderate
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.75, 0.95]	4 studies · 1531 participants	Moderate
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 723 participants	High
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ mean change (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 685 participants	High
Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors vs placebo Number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [0.92, 2.4]	4 studies · 1531 participants	Moderate
Antidepressants vs placebo Total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.81, 0.97]	38 studies · 7850 participants	Moderate
Antidepressants vs placebo Failure to remit · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.78, 0.88]	24 studies · 6164 participants	Moderate
Antidepressants vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	15 studies · 3699 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs placebo Panic symptoms ‐ mean change (various scales) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 2010 participants	Low
Antidepressants vs placebo Number of dropouts due to adverse effects · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [1.25, 1.78]	33 studies · 7688 participants	Moderate
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Outcomes (2‐6 months post‐treatment) · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo Failure to respond · adults with panic disorder Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.63, 0.86]	9 studies · 829 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Sleep onset latency Participant reports. Scale from 30 to 540 minutes; fewer minutes equalled better outcome; CFB and double‐blind average values included · Patients with insomnia Eszopiclone for insomnia (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 2890 participants	Moderate