Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,192 questions · 1,243 findings · 151 reviews

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No studies found 252 · 20.3%GRADE not reported 180 · 14.5%Very low 291 · 23.4%Low 282 · 22.7%Moderate 174 · 14%High 64 · 5.1%

Cerclage vs no cerclage

Death of the baby before discharge: neonatal death · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy

Cerclage showed no clear difference in neonatal deaths before discharge compared with no cerclage (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.53, 1.39]
6 studies · 1714 participants
Low

Cerclage vs no cerclage

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · preventing preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy

Cerclage leads to lower preterm birth before 34 completed weeks compared with no cerclage (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.66, 0.89]
9 studies · 2415 participants
High

Double vs single‐injection technique

Primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double leads to lower primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.34, 0.89]
9 studies · 527 participants
High

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure : Tourniquet pain · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.3, 3.11]
4 studies · 379 participants
High

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Complete failure of block1 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in complete failure of block1 compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.03, 2.71]
7 studies · 484 participants
Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 206 participants
Low

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Intravascular injection · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in intravascular injection compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.35 [0.2, 9.06]
4 studies · 352 participants
Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 244 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure: Intraoperative sedation required · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31]
2 studies · 129 participants
Moderate

Double vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure : Tourniquet pain · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.22, 1.52]
2 studies · 104 participants
Moderate

Double vs single‐injection technique

Complete failure of block3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in complete failure of block3 compared with single‐injection technique (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [0.33, 5.01]
7 studies · 368 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Double vs single‐injection technique

Intravascular injection · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in intravascular injection compared with single‐injection technique (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.15 [0.46, 37.13]
2 studies · 90 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 119 participants
Low

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Primary anaesthesia failure · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple leads to lower primary anaesthesia failure compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.42]
9 studies · 712 participants
High

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure: Intraoperative sedation required · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.41, 1.19]
5 studies · 482 participants
High

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Overall survival (3 years) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

It is very uncertain whether combination chemotherapy changes overall survival (3 years) compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable rectal… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.94 [0.59, 1.48]
1 study · 598 participants
Very low

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Disease-free survival · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

It is very uncertain whether combination chemotherapy changes disease‐free survival (3 years) compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable rectal… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.88 [0.65, 1.18]
1 study · 598 participants
Very low

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Complete response rate after preoperative chemoradiation (ypCR) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy leads to higher complete response rate after preoperative chemoradiation (ypCR) compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable rectal… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.23 [1.04, 1.46]
4 studies · 3875 participants
High

Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy

Toxicity ‐ early adverse events G3/4 · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery

Combination chemotherapy probably leads to higher toxicity ‐ early adverse events G3/4 compared with single‐agent chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable rectal… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.07 [1.31, 3.27]
4 studies · 3875 participants
Moderate