Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,288 questions · 3,354 findings · 516 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 720 · 21.5%GRADE not reported 164 · 4.9%Very low 950 · 28.3%Low 932 · 27.8%Moderate 434 · 12.9%High 154 · 4.6%

Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 248 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus drug therapy changes adverse effects compared with drug therapy alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.55]
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Electrical stimulation (plus standard care) vs sham‐ECT plus standard care

The proportion of pressure ulcers healed · people with pressure ulcers

Electrical stimulation (plus standard care) probably leads to higher proportion of pressure ulcers healed (3 to 12 weeks) compared with sham/no ES (plus standard care) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation for treating pressure ulcers 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.99 [1.39, 2.85]
Studies not reported
Moderate

Electrical stimulation (plus standard care) vs sham‐ECT plus standard care

Time to complete healing · people with pressure ulcers

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation (plus standard care) changes time to complete healing (3 and 8 weeks) compared with sham/no ES (plus standard care) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation for treating pressure ulcers 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.06 [0.47, 2.41]
Studies not reported
Very low

Electrical stimulation (plus standard care) vs sham‐ECT plus standard care

Complications/ adverse events related to pressure ulcers (3 to 12 weeks) · people with pressure ulcers

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation for treating pressure ulcers 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Electrical stimulation (plus standard care) vs sham‐ECT plus standard care

QoL · people with pressure ulcers

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation for treating pressure ulcers 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMES vs control

Safety Any serious adverse event · adults with advanced disease for muscle weakness

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 933 participants
Moderate

NMES vs control

Safety Adverse events: Muscle discomfort · adults with advanced disease for muscle weakness

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 933 participants
Moderate

NMES vs control

Muscle mass Anthropometry, DEXA, ultrasound, computed tomography · adults with advanced disease for muscle weakness

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 314 participants
Very low

NMES vs control

Exercise performance ‐ walking distance 6MWT, ISWT, ESWT · adults with advanced disease for muscle weakness

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 788 participants
Very low

NMES vs control

Change in peak oxygen uptake Cardiopulmonary exercise test · adults with advanced disease for muscle weakness

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 109 participants
Low

Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES

Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES

OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 28 participants
Very low

Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone

Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone

OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 82 participants
Very low

Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported