Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Aldosterone antagonist vs nitrate eGFR · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist Kidney failure · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist Hyperkalaemia · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.45, 1.77] | 1 study · 1023 participants | Low |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist Death · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.31, 1.55] | 1 study · 1055 participants | Low |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist Cardiovascular events · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist Doubling serum creatinine · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.03, 19.51] | 1 study · 1055 participants | Low |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist AKI · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist Proteinuria · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist vs selective aldosterone antagonist eGFR · proteinuric chronic kidney disease Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo or standard care Doubling serum creatinine · proteinuric CKD Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.69, 2.44] | 2 studies · 875 participants | Low |
Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo or standard care AKI · proteinuric CKD Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.04 [1.05, 3.97] | 5 studies · 1446 participants | Moderate |
Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo or standard care Proteinuria · proteinuric CKD Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1193 participants | Very low |
Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo or standard care eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) · proteinuric CKD Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1144 participants | Low |
Aldosterone antagonists vs diuretics Kidney failure · proteinuric CKD Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy Transplant or graft survival · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.32, 3.94] | 4 studies · 301 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Delayed graft function · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo HbA1c Time frame: 3 months · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo FBG Time frame: 3 months · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Kidney function markers · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Death (any cause) · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Hypoglycaemia Time frame: 8 to 16 weeks · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 51 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events Time frame: 8 to 16 weeks · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 51 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine Transplant or graft survival · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine Delayed graft function · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine HbA1c Time frame: 12 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy Delayed graft function Time frame: 1 to 3 years · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.42, 0.93] | 2 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine FBG Time frame: 12 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine Kidney function markers · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine Death (any cause) · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine Hypoglycaemia Time frame: 12 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine Discontinuation due to adverse events Time frame: 12 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Transplant or graft survival · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Delayed graft function · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo HbA1c Time frame: 24 weeks · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo FBG (mmol/L) Time frame: 24 weeks · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Kidney function markers · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy HbA1c Time frame: 13 months · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Death (any cause) · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Hypoglycaemia Time frame: 24 weeks · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events Time frame: 24 weeks · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Moderate |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin Transplant or graft survival · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin Delayed graft function · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin HbA1c Time frame: 16 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin FBG (mmol/L) Time frame: 16 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin Kidney function markers · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin Death (any cause) · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin Hypoglycaemia · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy FBG (mmol/L) Time frame: 13 months · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events Time frame: 16 weeks · pre‐existing and new onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy Kidney function markers: creatinine, eGFR Time frame: 1 year · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |