What do systematic reviews say?

Improved CPOE/CDSS vs standard CPOE/CDSS

Improved CPOE/CDSS probably leads to lower ADEs ( compared with standard CPOE/CDSS (moderate certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.82 [0.71, 0.94]
  2382 participants
  Moderate

Medication reconciliation interventions vs no medication reconciliation

It is very uncertain whether medication reconciliation changes mortality during hospitalisation ( compared with no medication reconciliation (very low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.85 [0.44, 33.89]
  1 study · 212 participants
  Very low

CPOE/CDSS: prioritised vs non‐prioritised alerts

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 participants
  Low

Barcoding vs no barcoding

Barcoding may leads to lower medication errors ( compared with no barcoding (low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.69 [0.59, 0.79]
  50545 participants
  Low

Organisational changes: reduced vs unreduced working hours

Organisational changes: reduced showed no clear difference in medication errors ( compared with unreduced working hours (low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.63, 1.09]
  1 study · 634 participants
  Low

Feedback on prescribing errors vs no feedback

Feedback on prescribing errors may leads to lower medication errors ( compared with no feedback (low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.47 [0.33, 0.67]
  4 studies · 384 participants
  Low

Feedback on prescribing errors vs education on prescribing errors

It is very uncertain whether feedback on prescribing errors changes medication errors ( compared with education on prescribing errors (very low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.59 [0.2, 1.76]
  2 studies · 2 participants
  Very low

Education vs no education on prescribing or administration

It is very uncertain whether education changes medication errors ( compared with no education on prescribing or administration (very low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.21 [0.93, 1.58]
  4 studies · 30 participants
  Very low

Dispensing system vs control

Dispensing system may leads to lower medication errors (surgical wards) ( compared with control (low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.61 [0.47, 0.79]
  2 studies · 1775 participants
  Low

Dispensing system vs control

It is very uncertain whether dispensing system changes medication errors (operating rooms) ( compared with control (very low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.92 [0.75, 1.13]
  2 studies · 2310 participants
  Very low

Medication reconciliation interventions vs no medication reconciliation

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 527 participants
  Low

Medication reconciliation interventions vs no medication reconciliation

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Low

Medication reconciliation interventions vs no medication reconciliation

Medication reconciliation probably leads to higher discrepancy resolution ( compared with no medication reconciliation (moderate certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.48 [5.62, 9.95]
  1 study · 564 participants
  Moderate

Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals

Medication reconciliation: pharmacist may leads to lower medication errors ( compared with other professionals (low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.21 [0.09, 0.48]
  8 studies · 2648 participants
  Low

Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals

Medication reconciliation: pharmacist showed no clear difference in ADEs ( compared with other professionals (low certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.34 [0.73, 2.44]
  3 studies · 2873 participants
  Low

Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals

Medication reconciliation: pharmacist showed no clear difference in mortality during hospitalisation ( compared with other professionals (moderate certainty).

• Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.57, 1.73]
  2 studies · 1000 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Government regulation of private health insurance 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1260219 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Government regulation of private health insurance 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1183010 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Government regulation of private health insurance 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  842911 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Government regulation of private health insurance 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13314 participants
  Very low