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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,288 questions · 3,354 findings · 516 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 720 · 21.5%GRADE not reported 164 · 4.9%Very low 950 · 28.3%Low 932 · 27.8%Moderate 434 · 12.9%High 154 · 4.6%

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

Mortality within the longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes all‐cause mortality (during longest compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

Length of hospital stay · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes length of hospital stay (days) compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

Surgery‐related complications (during longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes surgery‐related complications (during longest compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

Non‐surgery‐related complications (during longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes non‐surgery‐related complications (during longest compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

Renal failure · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes renal failure (during longest compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week

Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation (ES) once a week changes participants cured or improved ( compared with ES three times a week (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation (ES) once a week changes participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence ( compared with ES three times a week (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review