Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,752 questions · 6,648 findings · 688 reviews

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No studies found 1,125 · 16.9%GRADE not reported 670 · 10.1%Very low 1,796 · 27%Low 1,685 · 25.3%Moderate 1,075 · 16.2%High 297 · 4.5%

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Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 169 participants
Very low

Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour

Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with directed pushing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.05]
5 studies · 688 participants
Moderate

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 3049 participants
Very low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.14]
7 studies · 2775 participants
Moderate

Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or pre‐eclampsia,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

Foley catheter showed no clear difference in vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.47 [0.89, 2.44]
1 study · 53 participants
Low

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

Foley catheter showed no clear difference in uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.11 [0.13, 73.09]
1 study · 53 participants
Low

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Caesarean section · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

Foley catheter showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.45, 1.92]
1 study · 53 participants
Low

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic position and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic position and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2

Caesarean section · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic position and…

It is very uncertain whether double‐balloon catheter changes caesarean section compared with vaginal PGE2 (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.41, 2.32]
1 study · 16 participants
Very low

Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic position and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or pre‐eclampsia,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic position and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter

Caesarean section · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found