Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,710 questions · 14,842 findings · 1,394 reviews

No studies found 2,880 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 1,413 · 9.5%Very low 3,103 · 20.9%Low 3,870 · 26.1%Moderate 2,663 · 17.9%High 913 · 6.2%

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Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Adverse events: serum calcium above normal · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Vitamin D plus calcium showed no clear difference in adverse events: serum calcium above normal compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Mortality: lung cancer · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A showed no clear difference in mortality: lung cancer compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium vs placebo

Incidence: lung cancer ‐ women · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

Calcium showed no clear difference in incidence: lung cancer ‐ women compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Adverse events: yellowing of the skin · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A leads to higher adverse events: yellowing of the skin compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium vs placebo

Adverse events: renal calculi · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

Calcium showed no clear difference in adverse events: renal calculi compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium vs placebo

Incidence: all cancers · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

Calcium showed no clear difference in incidence: all cancers compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review