What do systematic reviews say?

Levamisole vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Levamisole vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  Very low

Levamisole vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Levamisole showed no clear difference in adverse effects: leucopenia compared with steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.18 [0.72, 24.21]
  3 studies · 214 participants
  Low

Levamisole vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Levamisole showed no clear difference in adverse effects: ANCA positive/arthritis compared with steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.13, 71.92]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Low

Rituximab vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rituximab vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Alkylating agents vs steroids, placebo or both

Alkylating agents probably leads to lower relapse at 6 to 12 months compared with steroids, placebo or both (moderate certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.44 [0.32, 0.6]
  6 studies · 202 participants
  Moderate
• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.09, 0.46]
  4 studies · 59 participants
  Low

Alkylating agents vs steroids, placebo or both

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Alkylating agents vs steroids, placebo or both

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Alkylating agents vs steroids, placebo or both

Alkylating agents led to higher CPA: leucopenia compared with steroids, placebo or both; GRADE not reported.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 10.63 [1.45, 78.05]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Alkylating agents vs steroids, placebo or both

Alkylating agents showed no clear difference in chlorambucil: leucopenia compared with steroids, placebo or both; GRADE not reported.

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.5 [0.11, 54.87]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Rituximab vs placebo or control

Rituximab may leads to higher adverse effects: moderate to severe Infusion reactions compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.83 [1.34, 25.29]
  4 studies · 252 participants
  Low

Rituximab vs placebo or control

Rituximab showed no clear difference in adverse effects: severe infection compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.26, 3.15]
  3 studies · 222 participants
  Low

Rituximab vs placebo or control

Rituximab showed no clear difference in adverse effects: arthropathy compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.92 [0.45, 33.98]
  2 studies · 84 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  29 studies · 20815 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  17 studies · 22108 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 4245 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 7645 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84]
  27 studies · 20382 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.3 [1.22, 1.38]
  30 studies · 21310 participants
  Low