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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Calcium vs placebo

Incidence: lung cancer ‐ women · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

Calcium showed no clear difference in incidence: lung cancer ‐ women compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Adverse events: yellowing of the skin · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A leads to higher adverse events: yellowing of the skin compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium vs placebo

Adverse events: renal calculi · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

Calcium showed no clear difference in adverse events: renal calculi compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium vs placebo

Incidence: all cancers · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years

Calcium showed no clear difference in incidence: all cancers compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Adverse events: minor gastrointestinal symptoms · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A leads to higher adverse events: minor gastrointestinal symptoms compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review