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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Azathioprine vs methotrexate Death · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.33	1 study · 126 participants	Low
Azathioprine vs methotrexate Kidney function · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Azathioprine vs methotrexate Dialysis · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Azathioprine vs methotrexate Relapse · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.68, 1.77]	1 study · 126 participants	Low
Azathioprine vs methotrexate Adverse events causing death or study drug discontinuation · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.58 [0.25, 1.38]	1 study · 126 participants	Low
Azathioprine vs methotrexate Severe adverse events · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.58	1 study · 126 participants	Low
Antibiotics vs placebo Death at 6 months · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.76]	1 study · 81 participants	Low
Intervention NR Relapse · adults with renal vasculitis Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotics vs placebo Kidney function · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotics vs placebo Dialysis · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotics vs placebo Remission at one year · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.98, 1.33]	2 studies · 111 participants	Low
Antibiotics vs placebo Relapse · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotics vs placebo Adverse events causing study drug discontinuation · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 3.9 [0.88, 17.26]	1 study · 81 participants	Low
Antibiotics vs placebo Infection (urinary tract infection) · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.33	1 study · 81 participants	Low
Leflunomide vs methotrexate Death · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Leflunomide vs methotrexate Kidney function · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Leflunomide vs methotrexate Dialysis · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Leflunomide vs methotrexate Relapse · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.22, 1.11]	1 study · 54 participants	Low
Intervention NR Total number of adverse events · adults with renal vasculitis Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.91, 1.12]	5 studies · 956 participants	Low
Leflunomide vs methotrexate Serious adverse events* · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 11.81 [0.69, 203.68]	1 study · 54 participants	Low
Leflunomide vs methotrexate Infection · adults with renal vasculitis for maintenance therapy Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.17 [0.27, 106.88]	1 study · 54 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serious infections · adults with renal vasculitis Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.26 [1.03, 1.54]	5 studies · 956 participants	Low
Pulse cyclophosphamide vs continuous cyclophosphamide Death at final · adults with renal vasculitis Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.77 [0.44, 1.32]	4 studies · 278 participants	Low
Pulse cyclophosphamide vs continuous cyclophosphamide Serum creatinine at 12 months · adults with renal vasculitis Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 52 participants	Low
Systemic corticosteroid vs no corticosteroid regimen End‐stage kidney disease · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.39 [0.23, 0.65]	8 studies · 741 participants	Moderate
Cytotoxic regimen vs no cytotoxic regimen GFR loss ≥ 50% · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cytotoxic regimen vs no cytotoxic regimen Annual GFR loss (mL/min/1.73 m2) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 162 participants	Low
Cytotoxic regimen vs no cytotoxic regimen Death (any cause) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.06, 15.33]	1 study · 162 participants	Very low
Cytotoxic regimen vs no cytotoxic regimen Infection · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.7	4 studies · 268 participants	Very low
Cytotoxic regimen vs no cytotoxic regimen Malignancy · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 4.88 [0.24, 100.08]	1 study · 162 participants	Very low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen End‐stage kidney disease · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.16, 3.23]	4 studies · 280 participants	Very low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen Complete remission · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.73, 1.52]	4 studies · 271 participants	Very low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen GFR loss ≥ 50% · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.21 [0.5, 9.74]	1 study · 32 participants	Very low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen Annual GFR loss (mL/min/1.73 m2) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 28 participants	Very low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen Death (any cause) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Systemic corticosteroid vs no corticosteroid regimen Complete remission · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.76 [1.03, 3.01]	4 studies · 305 participants	Low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen Infection · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.36 [0.87, 2.12]	4 studies · 301 participants	Very low
MMF regimen vs no MMF regimen Malignancy · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.28 [0.03, 2.54]	2 studies · 86 participants	Very low
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen End‐stage kidney disease · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen Complete remission · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.6, 1.39]	2 studies · 72 participants	Very low
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen GFR loss ≥ 50% · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen Annual GFR loss (mL/min/ 1.73 m2) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen Death (any cause) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen Infection · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.31 [0.03, 2.74]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
Calcineurin inhibitor regimen vs no calcineurin inhibitor regimen Malignancy · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.36 [0.02, 8.45]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
Mizoribine regimen vs no mizoribine regimen End‐stage kidney disease · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.07, 14.95]	1 study · 42 participants	Very low
Systemic corticosteroid vs no corticosteroid regimen GFR loss ≥ 50% · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.56 [0.25, 1.24]	2 studies · 326 participants	Low
Mizoribine regimen vs no mizoribine regimen Complete remission · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.9 [1.06, 3.43]	1 study · 24 participants	Very low
Mizoribine regimen vs no mizoribine regimen GFR loss ≥ 50% · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Mizoribine regimen vs no mizoribine regimen Annual GFR loss (mL/min/1.73 m2) · adults and children who have IgA nephropathy proven on renal biopsy Immunosuppressive agents for treating IgA nephropathy (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies