Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,808 questions · 8,953 findings · 827 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,891 · 21.1%GRADE not reported 380 · 4.2%Very low 2,100 · 23.5%Low 2,449 · 27.4%Moderate 1,684 · 18.8%High 449 · 5%

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Citrate vs unfractionated heparin

Successful prevention of clotting · CRRT

Citrate probably leads to higher successful prevention of clotting compared with unfractionated heparin (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.44 [1.1, 1.87]
3 studies · 88 participants
Moderate

Citrate vs unfractionated heparin

Treatment cessation due to adverse events · CRRT

Citrate showed no clear difference in treatment cessation due to adverse events compared with unfractionated heparin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.15, 1.49]
3 studies · 412 participants
Low

Citrate vs unfractionated heparin

Recovery of kidney function · CRRT

Citrate showed no clear difference in recovery of kidney function compared with unfractionated heparin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.89, 1.21]
2 studies · 214 participants
Low

Citrate vs unfractionated heparin

Thrombocytopenia · CRRT

Citrate showed no clear difference in thrombocytopenia compared with unfractionated heparin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.39 [0.14, 1.03]
3 studies · 412 participants
Low

Citrate vs unfractionated heparin

Cost to health care services · CRRT

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin

Major bleeding · CRRT

Unfractionated heparin showed no clear difference in major bleeding compared with low molecular weight heparin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.13, 2.58]
5 studies · 153 participants
Low

Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin

Death: unknown time frame · CRRT

It is very uncertain whether unfractionated heparin changes death: unknown time frame compared with low molecular weight heparin (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.51, 1.18]
1 study · 29 participants
Very low

CBT vs no treatment or waiting list

Outcomes at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Impact of tinnitus on quality of life · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 430 participants
Moderate

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Serious adverse effects · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 410 participants
Moderate

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Depression at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 410 participants
Low

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Anxiety · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 410 participants
Low

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Health‐related quality of life · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 410 participants
Low

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 336 participants
Low

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

Other adverse effects · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 410 participants
Moderate

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

Outcomes at end of treatment · adults with tinnitus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

Impact of tinnitus on quality of life · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Low

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

Serious adverse effects · adults with tinnitus

CBT showed no clear difference in serious adverse effects compared with TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.64]
1 study · 42 participants
Low

CBT vs no treatment or waiting list

Impact of tinnitus on quality of life · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 537 participants
Low

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

Depression · adults with tinnitus

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Low