Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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GLP‐1RA vs placebo

Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

SGLT2i vs placebo

Cardiovascular mortality · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i probably leads to lower cardiovascular mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.82 [0.7, 0.95]
5 studies · 24962 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction (fatal or non‐fatal) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.97 [0.88, 1.08]
4 studies · 42334 participants
High

SGLT2i vs placebo

Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction (fatal or non‐fatal) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.97 [0.84, 1.12]
2 studies · 15266 participants
High

SGLT2i vs placebo

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in stroke (fatal or non‐fatal) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.12 [0.92, 1.36]
2 studies · 15266 participants
Moderate

SGLT2i vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.84 [0.74, 0.96]
5 studies · 24962 participants
Moderate

SGLT2i vs placebo

Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i leads to lower hospitalisation for HF compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.65 [0.59, 0.71]
5 studies · 24962 participants
High

SGLT2i vs placebo

Worsening kidney function · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i probably leads to lower worsening renal function compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.59 [0.43, 0.82]
2 studies · 8474 participants
Moderate

SGLT2i vs placebo

Hypoglycaemia · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in hypoglycaemia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.9 [0.75, 1.07]
4 studies · 21232 participants
Moderate

SGLT2i vs placebo

Pancreatitis · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in pancreatitis compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.85 [0.39, 1.86]
1 study · 8246 participants
Low

SGLT2i vs placebo

Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in fracture compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.02 [0.88, 1.18]
5 studies · 24962 participants
High

DPP4i vs placebo

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in stroke (fatal or non‐fatal) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.87, 1.14]
5 studies · 42588 participants
High

DPP4i vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.03 [0.96, 1.11]
6 studies · 47968 participants
High

DPP4i vs placebo

Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in hospitalisation for HF compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.99 [0.8, 1.23]
4 studies · 42334 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Worsening kidney function · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in worsening renal function compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.88, 1.33]
1 study · 16492 participants
Low

DPP4i vs placebo

Hypoglycaemia · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in hypoglycaemia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.11 [0.95, 1.29]
3 studies · 25842 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Pancreatitis · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i probably leads to higher pancreatitis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.63 [1.12, 2.37]
5 studies · 47684 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in fracture compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.83, 1.19]
1 study · 16492 participants
Moderate

Family therapy vs placebo

Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in children and adolescents (up to 18 years or age)

Comparison 7: Family therapy showed no clear difference in repetition of SH at post‐intervention compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for self‐harm in children and adolescents 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.49, 2.07]
2 studies · 191 participants
Moderate

Antipsychotics vs placebo

Repetition of SH at post‐intervention · self‐harm in adults

Antipsychotics may leads to lower repetition of SH by post‐intervention№ of participants: 30(1 RCT) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for self‐harm in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.09 [0.02, 0.5]
Studies not reported
Low