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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Drape vs no drape Adverse events (maternal or neonatal) · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parachlorometaxylenol with iodine vs iodine alone Endometritis · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.56, 1.38] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Parachlorometaxylenol with iodine vs iodine alone Length of stay · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parachlorometaxylenol with iodine vs iodine alone Adverse events (maternal or neonatal) · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chlorhexidine gluconate vs povidone iodine Surgical site infection · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.91] | 8 studies · 4323 participants | Moderate |
Chlorhexidine gluconate vs povidone iodine Endometritis · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.49, 1.86] | 3 studies · 2484 participants | Low |
Chlorhexidine gluconate vs povidone iodine Length of stay · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chlorhexidine gluconate vs povidone iodine Adverse events (maternal) ‐ skin irritation or allergic skin reaction · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.28, 1.46] | 3 studies · 1926 participants | Very low |
Drape vs no drape Surgical site infection · women undergoing caesarean section Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.97, 1.71] | 3 studies · 1373 participants | Low |
Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution vs control (no preparation or saline preparation) Post‐cesarean endometritis · pregnant women undergoing cesarean section Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.29, 0.58] | 20 studies · 6918 participants | Moderate |
Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution vs control (no preparation or saline preparation) Postoperative fever · pregnant women undergoing cesarean section Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.5, 0.82] | 16 studies · 6163 participants | Moderate |
Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution vs control (no preparation or saline preparation) Postoperative wound infection · pregnant women undergoing cesarean section Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.5, 0.77] | 18 studies · 6385 participants | Moderate |
Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution vs control (no preparation or saline preparation) Composite wound complication or endometritis · pregnant women undergoing cesarean section Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.26, 0.82] | 2 studies · 499 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs sham control Pain intensity · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 325 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs usual care Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs usual care Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs usual care Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.6, 0.85] | 6 studies · 1059 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs usual care Assisted vaginal birth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.7, 1.24] | 6 studies · 1217 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs usual care Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.47, 1.09] | 5 studies · 861 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Pain intensity Lower scores indicate less pain. · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Satisfaction with pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs sham control Satisfaction with pain relief in labour · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [1.78, 3.19] | 1 study · 150 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Assisted vaginal birth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.18, 1.38] | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.35, 1.63] | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs water injection Pain intensity ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs water injection Satisfaction with pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs water injection Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs water injection Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs water injection Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.54, 1.3] | 1 study · 128 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs water injection Assisted vaginal birth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [0.47, 5.39] | 1 study · 128 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs water injection Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.37, 4.73] | 1 study · 128 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs sham control Pain intensity as measured by a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Lower scores indicate less pain · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 472 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham control Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs sham control Satisfaction with pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs sham control Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs sham control Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs sham control Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.2, 1.43] | 1 study · 75 participants | Low |
Acupressure vs sham control Assisted vaginal birth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 71.92] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs sham control Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.27, 0.71] | 4 studies · 313 participants | Moderate |
Acupressure vs usual care Pain intensity as measured by numeric rating scale (NRS) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Lower scores indicate less pain. · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 620 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs usual care Satisfaction with pain relief · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs usual care Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs usual care Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs sham control Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs usual care Use of pharmacological pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs usual care Assisted vaginal birth ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs usual care Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.54, 1.23] | 4 studies · 391 participants | Low |